1. Crash Course Vocab
Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Filibuster: (historical definition)a person engaging in unauthorized warfare against a foreign country.
Ignominy: public shame or disgrace.
Insular: ignorant of or uninterested in cultures, ideas, or peoples outside one's own experience.
Commonwealth: a self-governing unit voluntarily grouped with the US, such as Puerto Rico.
Antithetical: directly opposed or contrasted; mutually incompatible

2. Imperialism and america

3. Global imperialism
Throughout the 19th century, Americans sought to expand the nation Westward and gained control of the majority of the North American continent
By the 1880's policy makers believed that America should join in with Europe and establish colonies over seas.
Ex. Hawaiian Islands
Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
Imperialism became a global trend!

4. Imperialism around the World
By the late 19th century, France, Belgium, Britain, Italy, Germany, and Portugal were competing for African raw materials and markets
As these countries began to divide up the territory, it became known as 'Carving up Africa'
These nations took none of the natives into account when dividing up the land, thus causing conflict down the road.
By the early 20th century, Ethiopia and Liberia were the only remaining independent areas.
During the reign of Queen Victoria ( ) Britain had built an empire consisting of a quarter off the world's land and people!
Imperialism also surfaced in Japan. Japan joined European nations in their fight for China in the 1890's.
Although the US didn't’t seek colonies in Asia, competition for trade opportunities with other countries became apparent

5. American Imperialism
With a belief in Manifest Destiny and the United States expanding all the way to the Pacific Ocean and Americans began to warm up to the idea of expansion overseas.
Three factors fueled the new American Imperialism:
Economic competition among industrial nations
Political and military competition, including the creating of a strong naval force
Belief in the racial and cultural superiority of people of Anglo- Saxon (English) descent, especially in comparison with nonwhite people.

6. American Imperialism A thirst for new markets:
With new technological advances, American factories put out far more product than American citizens could consume.
America needed raw materials for its factories and markets to sell its manufactured goods
Foreign markets were seen as the solution to overproduction, unemployment due to economic depression in the late 19th century
American exports after the Civil War totaled $234 Million and rose to $1.5 Billion by 1900.
By achieving a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than it imported), the United States had become a leading economic power

7. American Imperialism Desire for military strength:
American Foreign Policy experts advised that the United States build up its own military strength.
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, President of the Naval War College, became one of the most outspoken advocates of American military expansion
Mahan argued for a strong US navy to defend the peacetime shipping lanes, essential to American economic growth
Pushed U.S. to develop a modern fleet, establish naval bases in the Caribbean, construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama and acquire Hawaii and other Pacific Islands.
U.S. built steel hulled cruisers between
The construction of modern battleships, such as the Maine and Oregon, transformed the country into the world's third largest naval power.

8. Belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority
Some Americans Combined the idea of Social Darwinism (belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest) with a belief in the racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons.
Argued, the United States had a responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization to the world's "inferior" peoples
Racist Americans defined civilization according to the standards of only one culture: Anglo-Saxon

9. Anti-Imperialism
Others saw American imperialism as a threat to Americans' Anglo-Saxon heritage.
Anti-Imperialists also objected to US imperialism on moral and practical grounds
Some objected when territories claimed by the United States were not given US constitutional protections.
Others thought building up the military would be a financial burden on the country

10. journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
Yellow Journalism
journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

11. Sphere of Influence
Diplomatic term denoting an area in which a foreign Power or powers exerts significant military, cultural, or economic influence
Open door policy supports this idea specifically

12. 3 main building blocks of Foreign Policy during this period
1. United States economic growth depended on exports
2. U.S. Had the right to intervene, to keep foreign markets open
3. Feared closing an area to U.S. products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. Survival

13. Monroe Doctrine Creator and year What did it state: James Monroe, 1823
Warned all European powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere and promised U.S. would not interfere in European affairs
Europeans ignored this speech but this became the most important basis for future U.S. foreign policy

14. Isolationism
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

15. U.S. takes Hawaii
The Hawaiian islands had be economically important to the United States for nearly a century.
Hawaiian Economy
mid 19th century- sugar plantations accounted for 3/4 of the islands' wealth
Planters imported thousands of laborers from Japan, Portugal, and China
1900- Foreigners outnumbered natives
American businessmen convinced the King to change voting rights to just planters, basically giving control of Hawaii's government to the American Businessmen
1887-Americans convicted Hawaii into signing a treaty allowing construction of a U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor
McKinley Tariff (1890): provoked a crisis eliminating the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar.
Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in the American Market especially from Cuban Sugar
American Planters in Hawaii called for the US to annex the islands so they wouldn't’t have to pay duty

16. U.S. takes Hawaii The Queen is Deposed
When King Kalakaua died in 1891,his sister Liliuokalani became Queen
Created a new constitution removing property qualifications for voting, thus giving power back to the Hawaiian natives
To prevent this, business groups– with the help of US ambassador John L. Stephens– organized a revolution against the Queen
January 16, 1893 the U.S.S. Boston appeared in Honolulu Harbor and American Marines moved ashore, supposedly to protect American lives and property
Volunteer troops took over the government building, imprisoned the queen in her palace, and established a provisional government with Sanford B. Dole as president

17. U.S takes Hawaii
Stephens immediately recognized the provisional government, which sent commission to Washington D.C. and asked that the islands be annexed.
A special investigator blamed Stephens for the revolution, President Cleveland directed that the queen be restored to her throne
When Dole refused to surrender, Cleveland—unwilling to use force– formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii, but refused to annex unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it.
In 1897 William McKinley, who favored Annexation, became president. August 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory, without giving Hawaiians the chance to vote.
At the same time Cuba, attracted U.S. attention