1. Kingdom Plantae Chapters 24-27

2. Characteristics of Plants
Eukaryotes
Autotrophs (producers)
Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
2nd most complex kingdom
May have evolved from algae

3. Vascular tissue
A series of vessels (xylem and phloem) that extend from roots to leaves
Phloem cells move carbohydrates and other nutrients
Xylem cells move water and dissolved minerals

4. Classification of Plants
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts
Reproduce by spores
Nonvascular
Require standing water for reproduction

5. Bryophyte life cycle Gametophyte dominates the life cycle
Male plant produces sperm that swim to the female plant
Requires free water for fertilization
Sporophyte grows from the female plant

6. Classification of Plants
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails
Require free water for fertilization
Reproduce with spores

7. Fern life cycle The diploid sporophyte dominates the fern life cycle
Sori produced on the sporophyte contain spores
Gametophyte germinates and produces antheridia and archegonia
Sperm from the antheridia swim to eggs in the archegonia

8. Modifications to live on dry land
In order to move away from water, plants must produce seeds in protected structures
Gymnosperms are cone bearing plants
Separate male and female cones

9. Flowering plants Most plants are angiosperms
Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant
Some have separate male and female plants
Some have male and female flowers on the same plant
Most have flowers with male and female parts

10. Flowering plants The male part is the stamen
anther
filament
The female part is the carpel (or pistal)
Stigma
Style
Ovary

11. Life Cycle of Angiosperms

12. Flowering plants
The ovary of the flower ripens and becomes a fruit

13. Fruits have different forms
Their purpose is seed dispersal:
Edible fruit, parachutes, stickers, and floating fruit are just a few of the strategies

14. Angiosperm classification
Divided into two groups:
Monocots
Dicots
Named for number of seed leaves
Other differences include
Organization of vascular tissue
Flower parts
Germination of seed

15. Cross section of a monocot leaf showing parallel veins (vascular tissue)

16. Cross section of a dicot leaf showing mid vein.
A. xylem
B. phloem
C. upper epidermis
D. lower epidermis

17. Properties of Water
Polarity of water causes it to be attracted to other polar molecules.
Cohesion - Attraction to other water molecules.
Responsible for surface tension.
Reason why water is a liquid at Earth’s temperatures
Ex: As transpiration occurs from leaf surface, water is pulled up the xylem from the roots.

18. Properties of Water
Polarity of water causes it to be attracted to other polar molecules.
Adhesion - Attraction to other substance.
Capillary action also helps water move up the xylem
More narrow tube, the greater the electrostatic forces between water and the wall of the tube

19. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions.
The cuticle and epidermis protect.

20. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions.
The cuticle and epidermis protect.
Palisade cells photosynthesize.

21. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions.
The cuticle and epidermis protect.
Palisade cells photosynthesize.
Spongy cells contain air spaces.

22. Leaf structure
Guard cells open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss.