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B 1.1 Define the term personality.

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1 B 1.1 Define the term personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 1.1 Define the term personality. Sub-topics There are many definitions of personality; for the purpose of this course the following definition will be used. “Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals” (Gross,1992). TOK: There is significant disagreement in personality research regarding issues of validity, reliability and sophistication of theoretical models. 1.Individual Differences 2. Motivation

2 B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality. The components are as follows: Sub-topics 1. Individual Differences Social learning theory states that we have a capacity to learn by observation even in the absence of rewards. It further emphasizes our individual capacity to influence our destiny and try to achieve our potential. Structures of social learning theory are mainly cognitive. There are four areas of social learning theory. 2. Motivation

3 Sport Psychology B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality. Option B Sport Psychology Competencies and skills.  Bandura argues that how we are perceived by others is influenced by our own feelings of competence. Believes and expectancies.  Believes relate to how world is while expectancy is concerned whether an individual things will happen in the future. A subcategory is what the world should be like. This type of thinking concerns evaluating the word and quality of a particular event. KeyPoint: for self improvement to occur a person needs to hold a believe about an action they perform, have expectations as to the outcome of that action and think about what the execution of that action should be like. Sub-topics 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

4 Sport Psychology B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 1.2 Discuss social learning theory and personality. Option B Sport Psychology Behavioral standards.  Just as a 'standard' alone is for judging the goodness or worth of a person. KeyPoint : Behavioral standards are standards concerning one's self for personal standards and personal standards are fundamental to human motivation and performance. "Am I a good person?" We either meet our standards or we fail them. Goals In order to influence change in our personalities we have to identify and realize goals. Sub-topics 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

5 B 1.3 Discuss the interactionist approach to personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 1.3 Discuss the interactionist approach to personality. Sub-topics Kurt Lewin became one of the most influential social psychologist of this century. He suggested that neither nature nor nurture can I count for an individual's behavior and personality. He proposes that our personalities are developed through a constant attraction between a person and their environment. His equation is behavior is a function of the person and their environment. B=f(P,E) Key point: exercise psychologist need to be aware of the affect the environment is having on the individual The individuals experience says cannot be understood if personal and situational factors are separated. 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

6 B 1.3 Discuss the interactionist approach to personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 1.3 Discuss the interactionist approach to personality. Option B Sport Psychology Emergenesis A trait is called emergenic if a specific combination of several genes interact. Epigenetics The study of why and how genes interact with the environment and in turn shape human behavior. The more contemporary model by Walter Michelle is: Competencies - our skills and knowledge Encoding strategies - our particular style and the schemas we use in processing information. Expectancies - what we expect from our own behavior and our anticipations of our performance levels. Plans - what we intend to do Sub-topics 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

7 B 1.4 Outline issues associated with the measurement of personality.
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 1.4 Outline issues associated with the measurement of personality. Sub-topics data collection (interviews, questionnaires, observing behaviour) • validity and reliability issues • ethical issues: confidentiality, use of results, predicting performance. 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

8 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 1.5 Evaluate the issues in personality research and sports performance. Sub-topics Consider: • athletes versus non-athletes. • personality and sports type. predicting performance. Refer to the positions adopted by the skeptical and credulous groups of psychologists. 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

9 B 2.1 Define the term motivation
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Option B Sport Psychology B 2.1 Define the term motivation Sub-topics Motivation is “the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour” (Sage 1974). 1. Individual Differences 2. Motivation

10 Sport Psychology B. 2.2 Outline the types of motivation
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Topic 2 Exercise physiology B. 2.2 Outline the types of motivation Intrinsic motivation comes from within the person and is associated with doing an activity for itself and for the pleasure derived from participation. Intrinsic motives for a physical activity include excitement, fun, enjoyment, and the chance to improve skills Extrinsic motivation results from external rewards such as money, trophies,  prizes, praise, and status. Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

11 Sport Psychology B 2.2 Outline the types of motivation
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology Topic 2 Exercise physiology B 2.2 Outline the types of motivation List intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for you performing physical activity. Sub-topics Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Artie Habit College credit Health concerns (wellness) Chika Mental focusing Likes to play the sport Staying fit Coaches’ advise Winning games Louis Representing QSI ACAMIS Survival at IB Grace Smashing (in badminton) reveals stress Friendly matches School requirements 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

12 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.3 Discuss the issues associated with the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in sports and exercise. Topic 2 Exercise physiology Combining intrinsic and extrinsic motivators The additive principle suggests that intrinsic motivation can be boosted by extrinsic motivators. This may not be a good idea in fact some situations where the task is being performed because of intrinsic motivation extrinsic rewards can lower the person’s intrinsic motivation. Controlling rewards and informational rewards Controlling rewards include praise and trophies and are given to influence and individuals behavior informational rewards on the other hand convey information about an individual competence at a particular task. Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

13 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.3 Discuss the issues associated with the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in sports and exercise. Topic 2 Exercise physiology Rewards preceded by the recipient as controlling decrease intrinsic motivation where as rewards viewed as informational increase intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic rewards seen as controlling of behavior. Extrinsic rewards providing information about their level of performance Extrinsic rewards will enhance intrinsic motivation when the reward provides positive information with regard to the performer’s level of competence Self determination theory Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

14 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.4 Describe Atkinson’s model of achievement motivation Topic 2 Exercise physiology McClelland-Atkinson Theory of Achievement Motivation Motivation is a balance between the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure. Achievement motivation = The desire to succeed - The fear of failure How do you rate yourself? Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

15 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.4 Describe Atkinson’s model of achievement motivation Topic 2 Exercise physiology A person is high in achievement motivation if the desire to succeed is greater than the fear of failure. A person is low in achievement motivation if the fear of failure is greater than the desire to succeed. Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

16 Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory Topic 2 Exercise physiology Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls 1989) proposes that in achievement settings such as sport and exercise, an individual’s main concern is to demonstrate high ability and to avoid demonstrating low ability Two states of goal involvement: Task-involvement Focus on mastery of the task, learning of skills, exerting effort & self-improvement Ego-involvement Focus on demonstrating superior ability compared to others and on winning in competitions with less effort than others An individual’s goal involvement in a particular situation is the combined result of his/her achievement goals and the prevailing situational factors Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

17 Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory Topic 2 Exercise physiology Three factors of motivation: Achievement goals Perceived ability Achievement behavior Moderating effect on behaviors Dependent on either task or ego goals Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

18 Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory Topic 2 Exercise physiology Task vs. Ego Outcome Orientation Task orientation has been positively related to effort, enjoyment, persistence, satisfaction and interest Eco orientation has been negatively associated with enjoyment and interest and positively related to boredom Duda and Nicholls (1989) developed the “Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire” (TEOSQ) Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

19 Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory
IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.5 Outline goal orientation theory Topic 2 Exercise physiology Achievement goal theory has been criticized for having a Western and male bias and for only considering the two goals of task and ego Fontayne et al. (2001) argued that people may hold multiple goals Limiting the study of motivation to the study of task/mastery and ego/social comparison goals could be considered reductionist Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

20 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.6 Describe attribution theory and its application to sports and exercise Topic 2 Exercise physiology Attribution theory – Humans tend to attribute in order to have better understanding of the causes behind actions. Two types of attribution include: Internal and External Internal Attribution: Performance, Characteristics External Attribution: Coach, Environment, Teammates Self-Serving Bias helps explain our tendency to attribute our success to internal factors while attributing our failures to external factors. Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

21 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.6 Describe attribution theory and its application to sports and exercise Topic 2 Exercise physiology Locus of stability – Associated with stable characteristics (e.g. If you attribute your success to your ability, then it is relatively stable. If you attribute success to your effort, it is unstable, since you can put different amount of effort each time.) Locus of control – The extent to which an individual can influence the outcome (e.g. If you attribute your success to the effort, you have more control to succeed because it’s internal. If you attribute to luck, then you have lower control because it is external.) Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

22 IB Sports, exercise and health science Sport Psychology B 2.6 Describe attribution theory and its application to sports and exercise Topic 2 Exercise physiology Locus of causality – How we attribute the causes of an event We attribute either internally or externally. (Internal attribution includes performance, characteristics, effort. External attribution includes coach, environment, teammates, or luck) Sub-topics 1.Individual Differences 2.Motivation

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