1. Massification or Messification in HE: Universities & Economic Development
Altug Yalcintas
Ankara University

2. Massification Growing amounts, numbers, and varieties of
Data and “Big Data”
Universities and research institutes
Lecturers, students, academic support staff
Jobs
Undergraduate and graduates programmes and courses
Books, journals, readings, and watchings

3. Massification of mess-ification?

4. Big Data Large and complex data sets that increase on constant bases.
Web 2.0 technologies: Internet search engines (such as Google), Chrome, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Android OS and related smart phone apps, internet ads etc.
Economics of scarcity  economics of abundance

5. Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130522085217.htm

6. A Success Story Nicholas Rescher, Pittsburgh, Philosophy
From 1964 to date
100 books (2 books per year)
400 journal articles (8 articles per year)

7. Publish or perish

8. Publish or perish Publish and perish

9. Mass-authorship: 3 sayfa uzunluğundaki bu makale 285 yazar tarafından yazılmıştır.

10. (One of) The Shortest Paper(s)

11. Economic growth: an index that measures the percent rate of the increase or decrease in real per capita GDP over a certain amount of time.
3,1% or -0.9%
Economic development: a process in which the wellbeing and the welfare of individuals and groups of individuals within a society increase
Income equality, environmental issues, schooling and literacy, healthcare, social security, human rights, rule of law etc.

12. Argument (Part I)
In order for an economy to growth and a society to prosper, the rule of law should be established and enforced.
Acemoglu and others.
Rule of law includes the rule of property law and the rule of IP law

13. Argument (Part II) The rule of law is necessary but not sufficient.
We need laws and ethics that operate spontaneously and in harmony.
Therefore: the laws of IP and the ethics of IP

14. Argument (Part III)
Does the fact that we need the ethics of IP mean that one should be against the laws of IP?

15. Universities and Economic Development
Received view: a positive correlation between academic and economics activities
A focal point (or attractor) for and supply of talented individuals
Incentives for invention and innovation
Enhanced efficiency and productivity
Economic clusters and competition
Dissemination of the democratic values
And of course: increase of demand in the intellectual economy

16. Intellectual Economy Markets of Goods and Services Markets of Ideas
Type X: photocopying, violation of the registered university names (such as Mülkiye)
Markets of Goods and Services
IP Infringement at Universities
Intellectual Economy
Markets of Ideas
Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3

17. Universities and Economic Development1.
Correlation does not imply causation 2.
Causal relations are often complex
Beyond the received view
Causation vs. correlation:
Causation: Taking an Aspirin and decreasing headache, increasing money supply and inflation, rising prices and decreasing demand (ceteris paribus).
Correlation: Summer approaching and sales of swim suits increase, higher income and higher education, better education and better income.

18. Universities and Economic Development1.
Correlation does not mean causation 2.
Causal relations are often complex
Beyond the received view
Complexity:
Country-wise
Region-wise (Silicon Valley, Boston Area)
Sector-wise
Time-wise

19. Universities and Economic Development
1099 – Bologna, Italy 1167 – Oxford, UK 1636 – Harvard, US 1933 – İstanbul, TR (1453-?) 1859 – Mülkiye, TR

20. Universities and Economic Development
A detailed study of universities, 1500 regions, 78 universities, between
“Doubling the number of universities per capita is associated with 4% higher GDP per capita.”
“Spillover effects from universities to geographically close neighbouring regions.”
“Increased supply of human capital and greater innovation”
“Higher historical university presence is associated with stronger pro- democratic attitudes”
A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

21. Universities and Economic Development
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

22. Universities and Economic Development
Source: OECD Science, Technology, and Innovation Outlook OECD Publications (Figure 4)

23. Universities and Patents
Industry

24. Universities and Patents
R. Veugelers “The Embodiment of Knowledge: Universities as Engines of Growth” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4):

25. Universities and Patents
R. Veugelers “The Embodiment of Knowledge: Universities as Engines of Growth” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4):

26. Universities and Patents
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

27. TTOs Established by Year (the US)
Source: Accessed June 2017

28. Kaynak: http://www. travelsupermarket. com/travelmap/img/TS_Map_Blue2

29. Kaynak: http://jalperin.github.io/d3-cartogram/

30. Source: http://www. forbes

31. Number of International Students, World, 1975-2010
YÖK, 2014,

32. Number of International Students,
World,

33. Number of International Students, World, 1975-2010
C. Holmes and K. Mayhew “The Economics of Higher Education” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4):

34. Source: National Science Foundation, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2013

35. Source: National Science Foundation, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2013

36. Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U
Kaynak: John Cawley “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET Edition” AEA Website

37. Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U
Kaynak: John Cawley “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET Edition” AEA Website

38. Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U
Kaynak: John Cawley “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET Edition” AEA Website

39. Universities and Economic Development
1099 – Bologna, Italy 1167 – Oxford, UK 1636 – Harvard, US 1933 – İstanbul, TR (1453-?) 1859 – Mülkiye, TR

40. Source: Anna Valero John Van Reenen. 2016
Source: Anna Valero John Van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” CEP Discussion Paper No

41. Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

42. Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

43. Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

44. Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016
Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

45. Number of Universities, TR, 1933-2011

49. Number of Undergrad Students, TR, 1975-2014
YÖK, 2014,

50. Number of PhD students, TR
Kaynak: «Üniversiteler Akademisyen Bulamıyor»
2012

51. Number of Academics in TR, 2016
Approx. 150,000
Rates of increase, :
All academic staff: 46%
Assistant Professorship: 72%
Associate Professorship: 57%
Full Professorship: 52%
Research Fellow: 33%
Source: Anadolu Ajansı,

52. Number of students per academic staff

53. Number of Students and Universities, TR, 1975-2013
YÖK, 2014,

54. Massification of Higher Education
E. Schofer and J von Meyer “The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the 20th Century” American Sociological Review 70 (6):
In 1900: 1 individual with a uni degree in every 100 individuals
2000s: 5 individuals with a uni degree in every 100 individuals

57. Academic Inflation

58. Citations and Rankings