1. Lexis

2. Word-formation processes
English calls upon a number of devices as a means of forming new words on the bases of the old. A form to which a rule of word-formation is applied a BASE (as distinct from STEM), and the chief processes of English word-formation by which the base may be modified are:

3. AFFIXATION
(a) Adding a prefix to the base, with or without a change of word-class (eg: author co-author).
(b) Adding a suffix to the base, with or without a change of word-class (eg: drive driver).

4. Conversion
Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word-class without the addition of an affix. In other words, assigning the base to a different word-class without changing its form (“zero affixation”, e.g.: drive (v)--- drive (n).

5. Compounds
A compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases. In other words, by adding one base to another. Such compound words can be nouns (eg: blood+test= blood test, adjectives (eg: tax+free= tax-free), or verbs( eg: spring+clean=spring-clean)

6. Cont. Orthographically, Compounds are written (a) solid ,eg: bedroom
(b) hyphenated,eg : tax-free
(c) open, eg: reading material

7. Clipping
The term clipping denotes the subtraction of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form. The clipped form is normally felt informal.

8. Clipping The shortening may occur at (a) The beginning of the word:
Phone telephone
Plane airplane, aeroplane
Bus omnibus

9. Cont. (b) The end of the word (more commonly): ad advert(isment)
photo photograph
exam examination

10. Cont. ( c) at both ends of the word (not a common type of clipping):
Flu influenza
Fridge refrigerator (esp. BrE)

11. BLENDS
In a blend at least one of the elements is fragmentary when compared with its corresponding uncompounded word form.

12. For example Smog smoke+ fog Interpol international police
Motel motor hotel
Newcast news broadcast
Brunch breakfast+ lunch

13. ACRONYMS
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters( or larger parts) of words that make up a descriptive phrase or a proper name. New acronyms are freely produced in Modern English, particularly for names of organizations. There are two main types:

14. Cont.
(1) Acronyms which are pronounced as sequences of letters can be called “alphabetisms” .
(a) The letters represent full words:
C.O.D. Cash on delivery
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
UN the United Nations

15. Cont.
(b) The letters represent elements in a compound or just parts of a word:
TV television
GHQ General Headquarters
ID identification card
TB tuberculosis

16. Cont.
(2) Acronyms which are pronounced as word, and are often used with out knowing what the letters stand for:
NATO the North Treaty Organization
UNESCO the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

17. Backformation
Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun ) is reduced to form another word of one type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process in whereby the noun television first came into use and the verb televise was created from it.
Examples: edit (from ‘editor’)
donate (from ‘donation’)
emote (from ’emotion’)

18. Borrowing
One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages.

19. Cont.
The English Language had adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages, including alcohol (Arabic), boss (Dutch), croissant (French), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian) and yogurt (Turkish). Other languages borrow terms from English, as can be observed in the Japanese use of suupaamaaketto (supermarket).

20. Coinage
The invention of totally new terms. Our fanciful creation of somp would be one example. Words like aspirin and nylon, originally invented trade names, are others.