1. Arousal and Emotion

2. Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior.
Target Goal :
Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior.

3. Arousal
Arousal response - pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for “fight or flight”
Keywords: arousal, arousal response

4. Yerkes-Dodson Law Quality of performance Degree of arousal Moderately
Very difficult task
Moderately
difficult task
Easy task
Some arousal is necessary
High arousal is helpful on easy tasks
As level of arousal increases, quality of performance decreases with task difficulty
Too much arousal is harmful

5. Concept of Emotion - Are you Spock or McCoy?
Draw an E on your Forehead
Keywords: emotion
Concept of Emotion - Are you Spock or McCoy?

6. Sensation-Seeking Scale
Thrill-Seeking
Experience-Seeking
Disinhibiting
Boredom Susceptibility

7. Theories of Emotion Common-Sense Theory ( Some people eat bats)
Perception
(Interpretation
of stimulus--
danger)
Stimulus
(Tiger)
Emotion
(Fear)
Bodily
arousal
(Pounding
heart)
Common-Sense Theory ( Some people eat bats)
Keywords:

8. James Lange's Peripheral Feedback Theory
Perception
(Interpretation
of stimulus--
danger)
Stimulus
(Tiger)
Emotion
(Fear)
Bodily
arousal
(Pounding
heart)
James’s Theory ( Some People Buy Eggs)
Keywords: Peripheral feedback theory, James

9. Schachter’s Cognition-Plus-Feedback Theory
Type
Intensity
Emotion
(Fear)
Perception
(Interpretation
of stimulus--
danger)
Stimulus
(Tiger)
Bodily
arousal
(Pounding
heart)
Keywords: Cognition-plus-feedback theory, Schachter

10. The High Bridge Study (Aron & Dutton, 1974)
Social Psychologists A. Aron and D. Dutton used a natural setting to induce physiological arousal in their test of the Two Factor Theory of Emotion. In their study, an attractive female experimenter asked male passers-by to complete a brief survey. She intercepted potential subjects either at the end of a bridge or on the bridge itself. The footbridge used was the Capilano Suspension Bridge, a narrow bridge that spans a deep ravine. Following the survey interview, the experimenter gave the subjects her telephone number in case they had further questions. The dependent variable in this experiment was the number of telephone calls received from the subjects after the experiment.
Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date.
[edit] Sources and Additional Reading

11. Physiological Component ( Embodied Emotion)

12. How do we feel love & Fear differently?
Cannon-Bard Theory=
The Thalamus sent signals to Prefrontal Cortex & Hypothalamus at the same time.
Cognition & Physiology occur together

13. Evaluate the significance of emotional responses stimuli and generate
Generate hormonal secretions and autonomic reactions that accompany strong emotions

14. Video- The Science of Stress

15. Behavioral Component
(Expressed Emotion)

16. Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory ( Cartoon demo)
Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman

17. Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory
Facial expression
Average happiness score
Average anger score
Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman
Facial expressions have an effect on self-reported anger and happiness

18. Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory
Heart rate change
(beats per minute)
Temperature change
(degrees C)
(a)
(b)
Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman
Facial expressions can produce effects on the rest of the body

19. ( Experienced Emotion)
Cognitive Component
( Experienced Emotion)

20. How do we deal with Anger?
Catharsis Hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Does it work?

21. What does not work? -

22. What should we do with anger?
Physiological response
Rumination is ruination
Sublimate via exercise, talk to friend, journal, play instrument
Forgiveness decreases anger

23. Happiness- How do I get it? Write down Happy/ S & US
What is Happiness?
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
When should we ask for favors?
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

24. Experienced Emotion
Changing materialism

25. Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

26. Why do we feel unhappy sometimes?
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

27. What does make us happy?

28. Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores
Money
Love
Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importance
scores

29. Can we read nonverbal cues?
EMOTIONAL DETECTIVES:
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001)
Can you detect deception?

30. Whose better at reading emotion?
Gender and expressiveness
Men
Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Number of
expressions

31. Is emotion universal?
Culturally universal expressions

32. Are expressions innate or learned?
Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

33. Paul Ekmans Research

34. STOP HERE…..
Stress Film

35. Stress and Illness Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

36. Stress Appraisal Appraisal Response Stressful event (tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal
Response

37. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
resistance
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

38. Stress and Health Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

39. Perceived Control
Equality and Longevity

40. Stress and the Heart Hopelessness scores Heart attack Death 3.5 3 2.5
1.5 1
0.5
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessness
are at greater risk for heart attacks
and early death

41. Stress and the Heart Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries

42. Stress and the Heart Type A Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

43. Stress and Disease Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness
any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension
some headaches
distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

44. Stress and Disease Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

45. Stress and Disease Conditioning of immune suppression UCS (drug) UCR
(sweetened
water) CR
Conditioning of immune suppression

46. poor nutrition and sleep)
Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)

47. Promoting Health Aerobic Exercise
Depression
score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Before treatment
evaluation
After treatment
No-treatment
group
Aerobic
exercise
Relaxation
treatment
Aerobic Exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

48. Promoting Health Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
blood pressure
muscle tension

49. Life-style modification patients
Promoting Health
Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentage
of patients
with recurrent
heart attacks
(cumulative
average) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-style
reduced recurrent

50. Promoting Health Social support across the life span Percentage
Age in years
100% 90 80 70 60 50
Percentage
with high
support

51. Promoting Health Life events Tendency toward Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going, Nondepressed,
Optimistic
Hostile, Depressed,
Pessimistic
Personal habits
Nonsmoking, Regular exercise, Good nutrition
Smoking, Sedentary,
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking

52. Alternative Medicine

53. Promoting Health Predictors of mortality 1 0.8 Relative 0.6 risk
0.4
0.2
Men
Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious
attendance
Relative
risk
of dying

54. Promoting Health
Religious Attendance

55. Promoting Health The religion factor is multidimensional Religious
involvement
Healthy
behaviors
(less smoking,
drinking)
Social support
(faith
communities,
marriage)
Positive
emotions
(less stress,
anxiety)
Better health
(less immune system
suppression, stress
hormones, and suicide)