2. Baroque Music 1600-1760 Centered in Germany
Elaborate, complex techniques
Johann Sebastian Bach ( )
Religious (Mass in B Minor, St. Matthew’s Passion)
George Frederick Handel ( )-Usually nonreligious, public consumption

3. Classical Music (1730-1820) Shift to Austria
Religious pluralism
Greater use of orchestras and operas
What’s different: Audience
Tone/Content
Franz Joseph Haydn ( ): “Master of the symphony”
104 symphonies
Two oratorios: The Creation and the Seasons

4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Child prodigy who lived to compose numerous operas, concertos, and symphonies
Operas such as the Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and the Magic Flute

5. Development of the Novel
Decisive time in the development of the novel
Samuel Richardson
Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1740)
Henry Fielding
The History of Tom Jones (1749)
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
-The importance of adventure/Travel fiction

6. Enlightenment History
1. Removed God even more than the humanists did
2. Focused on other components besides politics
3. Note Voltaire’s The Age of Louis XIV
4. Viewed history as a way to civilize their society. Criticized religious influences--note Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. “First modern historian.”

7. The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century
What’s the difference between high and low?
Characteristics
Increased readership and publishing. How does this lead to independence for author’s?

8. Religious Toleration Limited Scope of enlightenment reform
Jewish pogroms
Except where?!?
Limited enlightenment sympathy
Even Diderot
Joseph II of Austria
Why Austria?
Pietism and mystics

9. Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public
Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s Spectator
Female Spectator
First newspaper in London (1702) ; by towns had their own papers
Education and Universities--schools shifted focus
Realschule in Berlin in 1747.
Where did most scientific discoveries occur?

10. Crime and Punishment
Punishment in the eighteenth century--shift from brutal torture to a system of rehabilitation
Cesare Beccaria ( ), On Crimes and Punishments
Punishment should serve only as deterrent
Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

11. World of Medicine
University of Leiden: replaced the U of Padua in the early 17th-c; U. of Vienna then rose to prominence
Royal College of Physicians--few physicians licensed
Barber-surgeons separated in the 18th century. Surgeons began to be licensed.
Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers--medical care for the common people
Hospital conditions--not good.

12. Popular Culture Festivals, carnivals, and fairs--carnival
Gathering places
Taverns and Alcohol
The gap between high culture and popular culture-- upper class abandoned popular culture between 1500 and 1800

13. Literacy and Primary Education
Spread of literacy--increase among the urban populations, especially the middle and upper class
State-supported primary schools: Volkschulen in the Austrian Empire and some schools in Protestant countries (Scotland, Saxony, Swiss cantons, etc. )
Hannah More

14. Enlightement Art, etc. Part 2