1. For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 ClassSI
Biology
SI Session
Chapter 1
Introduction
Spring 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class
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What’s going on inside body?
At low temperature
At hot temperature
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Our body response to the environment to maintain internal operating conditions, within ranges most favorable for cell activities.
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Homeostasis
-is maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy
-The body’s ability to maintain internal conditions.
such as temperature, pH, and solute concentrations, at steady normal set points.
The set point for each internal condition is usually…
(a range of values/ one exact number). pH
Sodium mEq/L
Proteins g/dL
Glucose mg/dL
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Homeostasis
-conditions are stabilized by _________________
negative feedback
_____________
-measure an internal condition.
-detects deviation from set point.
Sensors
_____________
-determines response.
-avtivates effectors.
Integrating center
Effectors
_____________
-Produce response.
-able to change an internal condition
Most often, integrating center is _________
Brain
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Homeostasis
: Stable operating conditions in the internal environment.
Three components interact
Receptor -
e.g. Sensory nerve, Receptors
Integrator -
e.g. Usually brain
Effector-
e.g. muscles(shivering), sweat gland(sweat)
or body organs(heart…),
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For examples….
Negative feedback loops control blood pressure.
Negative feedback response
________
__________
Stimulus
________
Effector
________
Sensor
_______________
Integrating center
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Regulatory mechanisms:
_______ control
-within the organ itself; “built-in”
-Outside of organ(=target organ)
-by nervous system or endocrine system(hormones)
e.g. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels.
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
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When blood glucose level increases, insulin will be released to decrease blood glucose level by ________ feedback.
negative
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What if this mechanism is defective? (e.g. if insulin is not released enough?)
Diabetes mellitus
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When the body maintains its homeostasis,
If the body loses its homeostasis,
(When particular mechanism is defective..)
Diseases….. Disorders..
Illness….
What do we need when lose homeostasis?
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Positive feedback
Effectors actually (amplify / reduce) the effect.
Child birth, Blood clotting
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Negative feedback? Positive feedback?
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Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Stimulus-(reversed/intensified)
 Antagonistic effector
Stimulus (reversed/intensified)
Most feedback systems in the body
Sometimes….
Adjustment for homeostasis
used for conditions to be stabilized
Body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure….etc
Child birth, Blood clotting
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16. Primary tissues (4) :Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, &Connective
Muscle tissue (3types)
Epithelial tissue
Cardiac
Skeletal
simple
stratified
Smooth
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
-Neurons and supporting cells
-Tendon, Adipose, Bone, & Blood
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Muscle tissues
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
-Not striated
-Involuntary
-Circular pattern for constriction
-Longitudinally for peristalsis
- digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, etc.
- Striated
- Voluntary
Multinucleated
-controlled individually
-Striated
-Involuntary
-Branched
Intercalated discs
-All of the cells are stimulated at once
-Only in heart
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Nervous tissues
-Consists of ________ and supporting or ____cells.
-Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals.
neurons
glial
__________ contains nucleus; is metabolic center.
__________ receive signals.
__________ sends signal to another nerve or muscle cell.
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
_______________ provide physical and functional support for neurons
Supporting/Glial cells
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Epithelial tissue
-Lining; Forms membranes and glands.
-continually being replaced.
Cells are joined by junctional complexes
increase strength and create barrier.
______________ - diffusion and filtration lines blood vessels.
Simple squamous
______________- lines ducts and kidney tubules.
Simple cuboidal
______________- stomach and intestine goblet cells secrete mucus.
Simple columnar
_________________- esophagus and vagina.
Stratified squamous
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What type of tissue is lined in uterian (fallopian) tube? Why?
Ciliated Simple columnar epithelial tissue
; To lead from the ovaries into the uterus
What type of tissue is lined in blood vessels? Why?
Simple squamous epithelium
;To filtrate of diffuse gases, fluid, other substances into tissue or from the tissue.
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Epithelial tissue
-Lining; Forms membranes and glands (exocrine & endocrine).
-continually being replaced.
Cells are joined by junctional complexes.
increase strength and create barrier.
-Separated from underlying tissue by __________________.
basement membrane
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Connective tissue
- extracellular material deposited in space between its cells.
Loose
_____ connective tissue
-consists of collagen (fibrous proteins) and tissue fluid.
eg) dermis of skin
Dense
______connective tissue
-packed with fibers of collagen.
-Regular eg) tendons,ligaments
-Irregular eg) capsules, sheaths
Connective Tissue -_______
-Specialized for fat synthesis, breakdown and storage.
Adipose
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Connective Tissue -________
-For support, protection
-Chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material.
-Precursor for bone in fetus.
-Forms articular surfaces for joints.
Cartilage
Connective Tissue -_______
-Concentric layers of calcified material.
-Haversian systems
Bone
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Membranes
:covering, lining, or separating.
;composed of epithelium & connective tissues.
___________
- exposed to outer surface of body.
-skin
____________
- internal, but line organs that “open up” to outside.
- kept moist.
- respiratory, digestive, reproductive.
Cutaneous
Mucous
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Membranes (cont’d)
Serous
_______
-line sealed body cavities
-abdominal, thoracic, pericardial
Synovial
____________
-between joints
-Synovial fluid
lubricate joints permitting smooth movement.
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