1. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong, Copyright (c)2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Digital Video
Part 3
Digital Video Standards

3. In this lecture, you will learn:
Video standards for:
standard definition digital video
high definition digital video
digital televisions
YUV color model
Picture format notation

4. Digital Video Standards
Standard definition
High definition
Digital Television

5. The Term DV Common simple abbreviation for digital video
DV compression and DV format: specific types of digital video compression and format respectively
In this textbook
DV refers to the specific types of digital video
DV is NOT used to abbreviate digital video

6. Standard Definition DV25 Format
Pixel Dimensions
720  480 (NTSC)
Frame Aspect Ratio
4:3
16:9
Pixel Aspect Ratio
0.9
1.2
Data Rate
Total (video + audio + control information):
3.6 megabytes per second (MB/s), i.e. about 4.6 minutes of video per gigabyte of storage space
Video data only:
25 megabits per second (Mbps);
compressed at a fixed rate of 5 :1
Color Sampling Method
YUV 4:1:1
Audio Setting
Sampling rate and bit depth:
Two options:
48 kHz, 16-bit
32 kHz, 12-bit

7. Standard Definition DV25 Format
widescreen format
Pixel Dimensions
720  480 (NTSC)
Frame Aspect Ratio
4:3
16:9
Pixel Aspect Ratio
0.9
1.2
Data Rate
Total (video + audio + control information):
3.6 megabytes per second (MB/s), i.e. about 4.6 minutes of video per gigabyte of storage space
Video data only:
25 megabits per second (Mbps);
compressed at a fixed rate of 5 :1
Color Sampling Method
YUV 4:1:1
Audio Setting
Sampling rate and bit depth:
Two options:
48 kHz, 16-bit
32 kHz, 12-bit

8. Standard Definition DV25 Format
Pixel Dimensions
720  480 (NTSC)
Frame Aspect Ration
4:3
16:9
Pixel Aspect Ratio
0.9
1.2
Data Rate
Total (video + audio + control information):
3.6 megabytes per second (MB/s), i.e. about 4.6 minutes of video per gigabyte of storage space
Video data only:
25 megabits per second (Mbps);
compressed at a fixed rate of 5 :1
Color Sampling Method
YUV 4:1:1
Audio Setting
Sampling rate and bit depth:
Two options:
48 kHz, 16-bit
32 kHz, 12-bit

9. YUV A luminance-chrominance color model
A color model that digital video uses to represent the color of each pixel
Y: luminance (brightness) component U: a chrominance (color or hue) component V : a chrominance (color or hue) component

10. Advantages Using YUV over RGB
The human eye is more sensitive to changes of the luminance than it is to chrominance changes.
Thus, with YUV, we can assign fewer bits to store the chrominance components.
Fewer bits means smaller file size.

11. Loss of Color Information
Some chrominance data are discarded in order to reduce bits.
Chroma subsampling or color subsampling

12. The Three Numbers in YUV
Ratio of numbers of samples of Y : U : V for each group of 4 pixels
4:4:4
4:2:2
4:2:0
4:1:1

13. YUV 4:4:4 YUV No. of samples of Y for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of U for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of V for each group of 4 pixels
Total no. of YUV samples of for each group of 4 pixels
Saving in storage
4:4:4 4
4+4+4=12
None (no compression, i.e., no subsampling)

14. Used in Digital Betacam, DVCPRO HD, AVC-Intra
YUV 4:2:2
YUV
No. of samples of Y for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of U for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of V for each group of 4 pixels
Total no. of YUV samples of for each group of 4 pixels
Saving in storage
4:2:2 4 2
4+2+2=8
Reduced 4 samples out of 12 samples, i.e. 33% compression
Used in Digital Betacam, DVCPRO HD, AVC-Intra

15. Used in HDV, AVCHD, AVC-Intra, MPEG-1, DVD MPEG-2, PAL DV
YUV 4:2:0
YUV
No. of samples of Y for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of U for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of V for each group of 4 pixels
Total no. of YUV samples of for each group of 4 pixels
Saving in storage
4:2:0 4 2
4+2+0=6
Reduced 6 samples out of 12 samples, i.e. 50% compression
Used in HDV, AVCHD, AVC-Intra, MPEG-1, DVD MPEG-2, PAL DV

16. YUV 4:1:1 Used in NTSC DV YUV
No. of samples of Y for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of U for each group of 4 pixels
No. of samples of V for each group of 4 pixels
Total no. of YUV samples of for each group of 4 pixels
Saving in storage
4:2:0 4 1
4+1+1=6
Reduced 6 samples out of 12 samples, i.e. 50% compression
Used in NTSC DV

17. High Definition Common high definition video formats:
HDV
DVCPro HD
AVCHD
AVC-Intra
Different video cameras support different high def. format
The name of the supported format is printed on the body of the video camera

18. HDV

19. AVCHD

20. DVCPRO HD

21. Commalities Among High Definition Specifications
Frame aspect ratio: 16:9
Picture formats:
1080 and/or 720
interlace and/or progress
For 1080, possible frame sizes:
1440  1080 (pixel aspect ratio: 1.333)
1920  1080 (pixel aspect ratio: 1.0)
For 720, possible frame sizes:
960  720 (pixel aspect ratio: 1.333)
1280  720 (pixel aspect ratio: 1.0)
Color sampling methods:
4:2:0
4:2:2

22. High Definition HDV Format
Picture Format
720/25p, 720/30p, 720/50p, 720/60p
1080/50i
1080/60i
Pixel Dimensions
1280  720
1440  1080
Frame Aspect Ration
16:9
Pixel Aspect Ratio
1.0
1.33
Data Rate
Video data only:
approx. 19 Mbps
approx. 25 Mbps
Color Sampling Method
YUV 4:2:0
Audio Setting
Sampling rate and bit depth:
48 kHz
16-bit
Bit rate after compression:
384 kbps

23. Picture Format Notation
1080 / 60 i
"i": interlaced
"p": progressive
frame/field frequency
frame height

24. Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
By viewing frame size

25. Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
By pixel dimensions

26. Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
A frame from a 1080i video

27. Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
Same frame as 720p

28. Same frame as standard definition DV wide-screen (16:9)
Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
Same frame as standard definition DV wide-screen (16:9)

29. Same frame as standard definition DV standard 4:3
Frame Size (Resolution) Comparison between Standard Definition and High Definition
Same frame as standard definition DV standard 4:3

30. Digital Television (DTV)
Signals of DTV are broadcast and transmitted digitally
Need a digital TV set to watch

31. Digital Television (DTV)
Standard definition
704  480, 16:9 and 4:3, progressive and interlaced
640  480, 4:3, progressive and interlaced
High definition
1920  1080, 16:9, progressive and interlaced
1280  720, 16:9, progressive and interlaced
MPEG-2

32. Review Questions Note to instructor:
Depending on your preference, you may want to go over the review questions at the end of this lecture as an instant review or at the beginning of next lecture to refresh students' memory of this lecture.

33. Review Question
Chroma subsampling reduces the storage of pixel information by assigning fewer bits to store the ___ components.
RGB
luminance
chrominance C

34. Review Question
The format of chroma subsampling is designated with three numbers separated by colons (for example, 4:2:2) to represent ___.
the ratio of red : green : blue
the ratio of the luminance to the two chrominance components
the ratio of the numbers of three different types of pixels
hours : minutes : seconds B

35. Review Question
True/False: 720  480 is the only frame size of NTSC standard definition digital video.
True

36. Review Question
The two possible pixel aspect ratios of the standard definition NTSC digital video format are ___ and ___.
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.333
1.67
A and C

37. Review Question
The pixel aspect ratio of the widescreen format of the standard definition NTSC digital video is ___.
4:3
16:9
0.9
1.2 D

38. Review Question
The frame aspect ratio of the widescreen format of the standard definition NTSC digital video is ___.
4:3
16:9
0.9
1.2 B

39. Review Question
Standard definition DV camcorders support audio of ___.
32 kHz
44.1 kHz
48 kHz
A and C

40. Review Question
True/False: The signals of digital television are broadcast or transmitted digitally.
True

41. Review Question
True/False: The frame aspect ratio of HDTV formats is 16:9.
True

42. Review Question HDTV is in ___ format. MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-3 MPEG-4
QuickTime
AVI B

43. Review Question
The frame size for NTSC standard definition DV is ___ pixels, and ___ pixels for the PAL system.
720  480; 720  480
720  576; 720  576
720  480; 720  576
720  576; 720  480 C

44. Review Question
High definition video camcorders are available to record 720p and 1080i formats. The number in the format name--720 or designates the ___.
data rate of the video
width (in pixels) of the frame size
height (in pixels) of the frame size
ppi of the video
none of the above; they are model numbers of different companies C

45. Review Question
High definition video camcorders are available to record 720p and 1080i formats. The letters "p" and "i" in each format name stand for ___ and ___ respectively.
pixels; inches
professional; intermediate
progressive; interlaced
pixels per inch; inches per pixel C

46. Review Question
True/False: The frame aspect ratio of all high definition video formats is 16:9.
True

47. Review Question
The two possible frame sizes of the 1080 format are ___ and ___.
1440  1080
1920  1080
1080  1440
1080  1920
A and B

48. Review Question
The two possible frame sizes of the 720 format are ___ and ___.
960  720
1280  720
720 960
720 1280
A and B

49. Review Question
The two possible pixel aspect ratios of the high definition video formats are ___ and ___.
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.333
1.67
B and D

50. Review Question
The two possible color sampling methods of the common high definition video formats are ___ and ___.
4:4:4
4:2:2
4:2:0
4:1:1
B and C