1. III. Joints
Where Bones Join

2. General information Functions
1. gives skeleton mobility and holds it together still is “weakest link” in skeleton.
B. When joints are classified according to structure, they are named for material binding bones together

3. C.Stuctural types of Joints
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilagenous
3. Synovial

4. 1. Fibrous Joints a.are immovable (synarthrotic) joined by fibrous
connective with
no joint cavity. Ex:
sutures
b.Gomphoses in
Gum
c.Distal tibiofibular
joint

5. 2. Cartilageonus Joints
1. Articulating bones joined by bar or plate of hyaline cartilage; no joint cavity. Two types:
a. Synchrondroses
b. Symphyses
1. Synchrondrosis a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones. May be synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.
2. Symphyses are fibrocartilage pad joined to the articular cartilage at the end of a bone. They are amphiarthrotic and built for flexibility and strength. Examples the two Symphisus pubis of pelvis, Intervertebral joints, and manubruim of breast bone where it joins the body of the breast bone.

6. Synchrondroses- bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones
Synchrondroses- bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones. Joint is immoveable (synarthrotic). Ex. epiphyseal plate

7. 2. Symphyses- hyaline cartilage of articulating bone end is fused to pad or plate of fibrocartilage Ex. Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs. Slightly moveable

8. a. definition: articulating bones are joined by fluid - filled joint capsule. They are diarthrotic, or freely moveable, include most joints of body, i.e., hinge, ball and socket, plane, condyloid, pivot and saddle joints.
3. Synovial Joints

9. b. General structure of synovial joint
(1) Articular cartilage
(2) Joint cavity
(3) Articular capsule
(4). Synovial fluid
(5) Reinforcing ligaments

10. (6) Other parts associated with synovial joints
(a)fatty pads (b)bursae
(c)menisci (d)tendon sheath

11. c. Types of joints(1) Knee is hinge joint

12. d. Type of movement - Angular movement at hinge joints, elbow shown
Flexion (decreases angle)
Extension (increases angle)

13. Angular movement at ball and socket joints
Adduction movement toward the body center
Abduction movement away from body center

14. (2) Shoulder is ball and socket

15. Rotational movement around an axis at hip, shoulder and C1 and C2.
Circumduction, movement in a small circle at ball and socket (shoulder & hip) and saddle joint
Metacarpal/thumb

16. e. Origin and insertions of muscles
the origin is the end of muscle attached to immoveable end
insertion end of the muscle that is attached to moveable end

17. g. Movements at synovial joints
d. More Movement at synovial joints
Gliding movement at Plane joints (intercarpal & intertarsal joints) flat surfaces glide across each Js
g. Movements at synovial joints

18. flexion/extension at condyloid joint, interphalangeal joint

19. Rotational movement at Pivot joint, radioulnar joint one bone pivots around another stationary bone,

20. Joints to know

21. The Bones
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