1. Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120 (bring cheat sheet)
Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

2. haploid
X 23
in humans
X 23
in humans
diploid
X 23
in humans
Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.

3. Mom = AB Dad = AB A or B A or B Gametes: Dad A or B 25% AA 50% AB
Inheritance of blood types
Mom = AB
Dad = AB
A or B
A or B
Gametes:
Dad
A or B
Chance of each phenotype for
each offspring
25% AA
50% AB
25% BB AA
A or B AB
Mom AB BB

4. It is rarely this simple.
Genotype
Phenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
It is rarely this simple.
CB 14.6

5. Human Chromosomes

6. X/Y chromosomes in humans
CB 15.9
X/Y chromosomes in humans

7. Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome A= normal ; a= colorblind
CB 15.10
Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome
A= normal ; a= colorblind
No one affected, female carriers
50% of males affected, 50 % female carriers
50% affected, female carriers

8. CB 6.9
an Animal Cell
Mitochondria

9. Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles
CB 26.13

10. Mitochondria have their own DNA.

11. Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.
CB 47.6
Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.
mitochondria

12. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA
CB 13.5
Mom provides % and Dad provides % of DNA to offspring.
… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

13. Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother
mitochondria
CB 47.6

14. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

15. How are we related, and where did we come from?

17. When did these migrations take place?

18. Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

19. As DNA is passed on mutations take place

20. The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years.OR
A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.
Fig 4

21. When did these migrations take place?

22. Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
“Out of Africa” hypothesis

23. Relationships of different populations using mtDNA
~150,000ya
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

24. Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
“Out of Africa” hypothesis

25. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

26. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

27. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

28. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381
93-95% of genetic variation within population.
3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

29. There is no genetic definition of race.

30. Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120 (bring cheat sheet)
Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

31. (bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)
During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.
Tsar’s Family

32. (bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)
There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia
Tsar’s Family

33. (bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

34. (bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)
Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

35. (bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)
For more info check out:
Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes