1. Nonfiction

2. Writing about real people, places, things, and ideas.
What is nonfiction?
Writing about real people, places, things, and ideas.

3. Purpose
The author’s intent either to inform or teach someone about something, to entertain people, or to persuade or convince his/her audience to do or not do something.

4. What are some purposes for writing?
To inform
To entertain
To persuade
To give an opinion
To honor
To argue
To condemn
To describe
To enlighten
To explain
To express
To illustrate
To instruct/To Teach
To investigate
To narrate
To report
To warn

5. Style The particular way in which the writer uses language.
It reflects a writer’s personality.

6. Perspective
The viewpoint or opinion that the author expresses about the subject
In determining this, look at: the author’s word choice opinion/belief statements

7. Tone The author’s attitude towards the subject and readers.
Ex: A tone can be depressed, excited, angry, hateful

8. Examples of Tone arrogant compassionate critical cynical defensive
humorous
impartial
inspirational
ironic
moralizing
nostalgic
patriotic
perplexed
pessimistic
reflective
reverent
serious
satirical
sentimental
witt

9. Fact Vs. Opinion
Fact-
Something that can be proven true by concrete information
Opinion
Is the belief of a person; it cannot be proven true

10. Credibility (source knowledge)
The trustworthiness and expertise of the writer/source
The believability of the writer

11. Bias
The subtle presence of a positive or negative approach toward a topic.
Bias occurs when a writer makes a one-sided presentation. They do not give all of the facts, or else they try to persuade the reader by using emotional or unfair language.

12. Diction
The author’s choice of words, phrases, sentence structures and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning and tone.

13. Loaded Language
Language that attempts to influence the reader or listener by appealing to emotion
A group of kids hangs out in front of the store.
Vs.
A gang of hoodlums loiters in front of the store.

14. Connotation
The range of emotional associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its dictionary meaning. Connotation can be positive or negative.
Ex: Slender vs. Skinny
Lovely vs. Knockout
Mutt vs. Dog
Brats vs. Children

15. Rhetorical Questions ?
Oh, why me?
Why are you such a jerk?
A question asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks. They are not meant to be answered
The serve other purposes, such as making a statement, expressing an emotion, making an accusation, etc.

16. Irony
Dramatic Irony-
When the reader or audience knows something that the character does not know

17. Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos
A mode of persuasion
An ethical appeal, used to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character
Ethos can be developed by choosing language that is appropriate for the audience and topic (proper level of vocabulary), making oneself sound fair or unbiased, introducing your expertise or pedigree, or establishing shared values with the audience.

18. Rhetorical Appeals: Pathos
A mode of persuasion
An emotional appeal, meant to persuade the audience by appealing to their emotions
This method attempts to convince audience members by playing on their feelings of pity, fear, anger, guilt, etc.

19. Rhetorical Appeals: Logos
A mode of persuasion
Appeal to logic, meant to convince audience by use of logic or reason
Logos cites facts and statistics, historical or literal analogies, the citation of certain authorities on a subject, etc.

20. Propaganda Techniques
Review them!
9 you need to know for the Keystones!

21. Organizational Strategies
Cause and Effect
Problem/Solution
Question/Answer
Sequence of Events or Chronological

22. Types of Nonfiction

23. Biography
the story of a person’s life written by another person

24. Autobiography The story of someone’s life written by that person
Term is interchangeable with the term “memoir,” although a memoir often does not cover an entire life

25. Personal Narrative
When the writer presents a specific incident from his or her life. Usually, the incident had an impact on the writer’s life or taught them a lesson.

26. Informative Article
gives factual information about a topic, person, or event

27. Speech
written to be read aloud; it presents a topic and may persuade, entertain,inform, or explain.

28. Literary Journalism
The use of fictional techniques when writing a piece of nonfiction
It is a true, well- researched, journalistically-sound story written with vivid descriptions and narrative flow.

29. Opinion Piece
Writing about a particular topic that expresses the personal view, attitude, or appraisal of the writer. This is often persuasive in nature, as it often attempts to persuade the reader to believe the same.