1. Key Issue 1: Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed?
Chapter 3: Migration
Key Issue 1: Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed?

2. Migration Migration: A permanent move to a new location
Emigration: Migration FROM a location
Immigration: Migration TO a location
Mobility: Moving (a general term)
Circulation: Short-term mobility, such as weekday commutes, college students, etc.

3. Circulation: short term, repetitive or cyclical movements.
Going to school
Net Migration: the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

4. Chapter 3, Figure 3.2 Labeled

5. Chapter 3, Figure 3.3 Labeled

6. International Net Migration
International Migration: a permanent move from one country to another
At a regional scale, the 3 larges flows of migrants are
From Latin America to North America
From South Asia to Europe
From South Asia to Southwest Asia
Migration to the U.S from Mexico is the largest flow from country to country.
2 types:
Voluntary migration: migrant and chosen to move, usually for economic or environmental reasons
Forced migration: migrants has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors.

7. International Net Migration

8. Migration Transition Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky
Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the DTM
A change in migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
According to migration transition, international migration is primarily in countries in stage 2.

10. Internal Migration
Internal Migration: a permanent move within the same country
Two types:
Interregional migration: movement from one region of a country to another.
Rural to Urban
Intraregional migration: movement within one region
Within urban areas. From older cities to suburbs.

11. Chapter 3, Figure 3.7 Labeled

12. Changing U.S. Immigration
U.S had 3 main eras of immigration:
Colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries
1790: U.S Population = 3.9 million
62% came from Europe and over half of that came from the U.K and Ireland.
Voluntary
38% had been shipped over as slaves from Sub-Saharan Africa
Forced

13. Changing U.S Immigration
Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Between , 32 million people immigrated to the U.S (90% from Europe)
Germany has sent the largest number of immigrants to the U.S: 7.2 million
1840’s and 1850’s: From Ireland and Germany due to economic and political unrest
1870’s: From Ireland and Germany, emigration resumed following a temporary decline during the U.S Civil War
1880’s: From Scandinavia. The Industrial Revolution diffused to Scandinavia causing a rapid population increase.
: From Southern and Eastern Europe, Industrial Revolution causing rapid population growth.

14. Changing U.S Immigration
Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Immigration into the used dropped sharply in the 1930’s and 1940’s due to the Great Depression and WWII
Latin America: ½ million migrated to the U.S yearly. In 2006, Mexico passed Germany in most immigrants into the U.S ever.
Asia: 7 million in the past half century.
Rapid population growth limits economic opportunity

15. Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Key Issue 2
Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?

16. Interregional Migration in the Utah States
1790: Hugging to Coast
: Crossing the Appalachians
: Rushing to the Gold
: Filling in the Great plains
: Moving South

17. Destination of Immigrants by U.S state

20. Interregional Migration
Other examples to look at:
Canada
Russia
China
Brazil

21. Intraregional Migration
Most common
Developing countries: most from rural to urban area, due to the industrial revolution
Developed countries: most from cities out to surrounding suburbs
Due to suburbanization and wanting to live that suburb lifestyle
Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas. A new trend in the late 20th century

24. Key Issue 3
Why Do People Migrate?

25. Why Do People Migrate? Most people migrate for economic reasons
Cultural and environmental reasons are also included in migration
Push Factor: induces people to move out of their present location
Pull Factor: induces people to move into a new location

26. Cultural Reasons for Migrating
Refugee: forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Internally displaced person: forced to migrated for similar political reasons as refugees but do not migrate across an international border
Asylum Seeker: someone who has moved to another country in the hope of being recognized a refugee.

28. Environmental Reasons for Migrating
Water
Too much is flooding
Too little causes desertification: deterioration of land to a desert like condition typically due to human action s
Intervening obstacle: environmental or political feature that hinders migration
Environments also draw people to live in certain areas

29. Migrating to Find Work
Migrating from where there are no jobs to where there are jobs
U.S and Canada are prominent destinations for economic migrants
Relative attractiveness of a region can shift economic change
The world’s largest sources of migrants in search of work emigrate from South and East Asia
The rich oil-producing countries of Southwest Asia are major economic destinations.
Remittance: The transfer of money by workers to people that live in the country from which they emigrated.

32. Gender and Age of Migrants
Males were more likely than females to migrate long distances searching for work
Females make up 55% of immigrants in the U.S and outnumber males in other developed countries.
High percentage of women in the workforce, makes women want to come to that country
Developed countries make it possible for women to join their husbands who have already immigrated
In developing countries, males immigrants outnumber women
Age:
A relatively high number of immigrants are young adults between the ages of 20-39
Less likely to be over 65 and under 20

33. Why do Migrants Face Challenges?
Key Issue 4
Why do Migrants Face Challenges?

34. Government Immigration Policies
U.N Classifies countries according to 4 types of immigration policies
1. Maintain current level of immigration
Increase the level
Reduce the level
No policy

36. Unauthorized Immigration
Unauthorized immigrant: Those who enter the United States immigrate illegally because they enter the U.S without proper documents
Preferred term by academic observers. More neutral term
Undocumented immigrant preferred by some of the groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals
Illegal alien: term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration law
11.3 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S in 2014.
California and Texas has the largest number
More than ½ come from Mexico
1 million are children, while in the country 4.5 million babies have been born to unauthorized immigrants
In 2013, 61% of unauthorized immigrants had been living in the country for 10 years or longer
8 Million are employed in the U.S labor forced

38. U.S Quota Laws
Quota: maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one-year period.
Quota Act 1921
National Origins Act in 1924
1924: Each country that had native-born persons already living in the U.S, 2% could immigrate each year
1965: Hemisphere quotas: 170,000 from Eastern. 120,000 from Western.
1978: Global quota was set at 290, ,000 per country.
1990: Global quota raised to 700,000

39. U.S Quota Laws
The number of applicants for admission in to the U.S is WAY higher than the quotas. So congress set preferences:
Family reunification
Skilled workers
Diversity

40. U.s-Mexico Border Issues
1,4951 miles long, barriers only cover ¼
Americans are divided on whether unauthorized migration helps or hurts the country
Border patrols
Americans want more effective border patrols but don’t want to spend lost of money
438,421 unauthorized immigrants deported in 2013
Workplace
Unauthorized immigrants take jobs that no else wants
They support a work-related program
Civil Rights
Favor verifying legal status of anyone but fear that deporting unauthorized immigrants violate the civil rights of U.S citizens
Local Initiatives
Most Americans believe it is the federal governments job to enforce immigration laws

42. Europe’s Immigration Crisis
14 European countries are countries with the highest per capita income, so the region attracts immigrants from poorer regions.
Within Europe, most migrants flow from east to west
Sailing across the Mediterranean into Europe

44. Europe’s Immigration Crisis
Guest Worker: immigrants from poor countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs
1960’s and 1970’s
No longer used in Europe
Circular Migration: temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment
However, many guest workers stayed permanently in Europe
Immigrants make up 8% of European population.
Hostility towards immigrants is common, especially in political parties
They fear the threat to centuries-old traditions and cultures