1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry by Christopher Hamaker
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Chapter 1

2. Evolution of Chemistry
The History of Chemistry in 15 Minutes
Chemistry - Greatest Discoveries [HD] (45 min)
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Chapter 1

3. Evolution of Chemistry
The Greeks believed in four basic elements:
1. Earth
Air
Fire
Water
All substances were combinations of these four basic elements.
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4. Scientific Investigations
Science is the methodical exploration of nature followed by a logical explanation of the observations.
Scientific investigation entails the following activities:
Planning an investigation
Carefully recording observations
Gathering data
Analyzing the results
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5. The Discovery Process Chemistry - The study of matter…
Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space.
This desk
A piece of Aluminum foil
What about air?
Yes it is matter.

6. Chemistry Chemistry is the study of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter can change from one form to another.
In a chemical change (chemical reaction), substances are used up and others formed in their place.
Example: When propane (bottled or LP gas) burns in air, propane and oxygen are converted to carbon dioxide and water.
In a physical change, matter does not lose its identity.
A common physical change is a change of state.
Example: Ice (solid water) melts to become liquid water; liquid water boils to become steam (gaseous water).

7. Chemistry - The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Chemical and physical changes
Energy changes
Energy - The capacity to do work to accomplish some change.

8. The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a systematic investigation of nature and requires proposing an explanation for the results of an experiment in the form of a general principle.
The initial, tentative proposal of a scientific principle is called a hypothesis.
After further investigation, the original hypothesis may be rejected, revised, or elevated to the status of a scientific principle.
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9. Applying the Scientific Method
Step 1: Perform a planned experiment, make observations, and record data.
Step 2: Analyze the data and propose a tentative hypothesis to explain the experimental observations.
Step 3: Conduct additional experiments to test the hypothesis. If the evidence supports the initial proposal, the hypothesis may become a theory.
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10. Scientific Method Fact: A statement based on direct experience
Hypothesis: A statement that is proposed, without actual proof, to explain a set of facts or their relationship.
Theory: The formulation of an apparent relationship among certain observed phenomena, which has been verified to some extent.
In a sense, a theory is the same as a hypothesis except that we have a stronger belief in it because more evidence supports it.
If, however, we find new evidence that conflicts with the theory, it must be altered or rejected.

11. Applying the Scientific Method, Continued
After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis becomes a scientific theory.
A natural law is a measurable relationship.
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12. Observation of a
phenomenon
A question
A hypothesis
(a potential answer)
Experimentation
Theory
New hypothesis
Further
experimentation
Development of
new
experimentation
and theory

13. Critical Thinking: Reactions with Oxygen
What do burning wood, rusting iron, and exploding gasoline have in common?
All three are examples of combustion.
Combustion is a chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen.
Rusting is a slow reaction, burning is a rapid reaction, and an explosion is an instantaneous reaction.
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14. Modern Chemistry
Chemistry is a science that studies the composition of matter and its properties.
Chemistry is divided into several branches:
Organic chemistry is the study of substances containing carbon.
Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other substances that don’t contain carbon.
Biochemistry is the study of substances derived from plants and animals.
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15. Learning Chemistry Different people learn chemistry differently.
What do you see in the picture?
Some people see a vase on a dark background; some people see two faces.
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16. Problem Solving Connect the dots using only four straight lines.
Experiment until you find a solution.
Did you have to use five straight lines?
No matter which dot we start with, we still need five lines.
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17. Problem Solving, Continued
Are we confining the problem?
We need to go beyond the nine dots to answer the problem.
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18. Chemistry: The Central Science
Knowledge of chemistry is important to understanding the world around us.
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19. Chapter Summary
Scientists use the scientific method to investigate the world around them.
Experiments lead to a hypothesis, which may lead to a scientific theory or a natural law.
Chemistry is a central science with many branches.
The impact of chemistry is felt in many aspects of our daily lives.
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20. no systematic correlation between measurements.
ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS
English system - a collection of measures accumulated throughout English history.
no systematic correlation between measurements.
1 gal = 4 quarts = 8 pints
Metric System - composed of a set of units that are related to each other decimally.
That is, by powers of tens

21. 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters
Truly systematic
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters
Basic Units of the Metric System
Mass gram g
Length meter m
volume liter L
prefixes are used to indicate the power of ten used

22. Metric System
Table 1.1 Base units in the metric system

23. Conversion Table 1.2 Common Relationships Used in the English System
A. Weight 1 pound = 16 ounces
1 ton = 2000 pounds
B. Length foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 5280 feet
C. Volume 1 gallon = 4 quarts
1 quart = 2 pints
1 quart = 32 fluid ounces
Table 1.3 Commonly Used “Bridging” Units for Intersystem
Conversion
Quantity English Metric
Mass 1 pound = 454 grams
2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram
Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 yard = meter
Volume 1 quart = liter
1 gallon = 3.78 liters

24. Metric System
Table 1.2 The Most Common Metric Prefixes

25. Think Metric!!!!!!! 10E-12 boos = 1 picoboo 1boo E2 = 1 boo boo
10 E1 cards = 1decacards
10 E-2 menals = 1 centimental
10 E6 phones = 1 megaphone
10 E-6 phones = 1 microphone
10 E3 joys = 1 kilo-joy

26. The milliliter and the cubic centimeter are equivalent

27. Metric unit is the second
Time
Metric unit is the second
Temperature - the degree of “hotness” of an object

28. Temperature
Fahrenheit (F): Defined by setting the normal freezing point of water at 32°F and the normal boiling point of water at 212°F.
Celsius (C): Defined by setting the normal freezing point of water at 0°C and the normal boiling point of water at 100°C.
Kelvin (K): Zero is the lowest possible temperature; also called the absolute scale.
Kelvin degree is the same size as a Celsius degree
K = °C + 273

29. Conversions between Fahrenheit and Celsius
1. Convert 75oC to oF.
2. Convert -10oF to oC.
1. Ans. 167 oF 2. Ans. -23oC

30. within the metric system between the English and metric system
UNIT CONVERSION
You need to be able to convert between units
within the metric system
between the English and metric system
The method used for conversion is called the Factor-Label Method or Dimensional Analysis
!!!!!!!!!!! VERY IMPORTANT !!!!!!!!!!!

31. For example: How many donuts are in one dozen?
Let your units do the work for you by simply memorizing connections between units.
For example: How many donuts are in one dozen?
We say: “Twelve donuts are in a dozen.”
Or: 12 donuts = 1 dozen donuts
What does any number divided by itself equal?
ONE!
or...

32. This fraction is called a unit factor
What does any number times one equal?
That number.

33. a number divided by itself = 1
We use these two mathematical facts to do the factor label method
a number divided by itself = 1
any number times one gives that number back
Example: How many donuts are in 3.5 dozen?
You can probably do this in your head but let’s see how to do it using the Factor-Label Method.

34. Factor-Label Method
Conversion factor: A ratio of two different units, used as a multiplier to change from one system or unit to another.
For example, 1 lb = g
Example: Convert 381 grams to pounds.
Example: Convert gallons to milliliters.

35. Factor-Label Method
Dimensional Analysis/Factor Label Method - Chemistry Tutorial (11.14 min)
Unit conversion (9:17 min)
Conversion between metric units (5:16)
Unit Conversion Example: Drug Dosage (10:44)

36. Examples of Unit Conversion
1. Convert 5.5 inches to millimeters
2. Convert 50.0 milliliters to pints
3. Convert 1.8 in2 to cm2