1. Theories of Socialization of Social Behavior
Social Development
Theories of Socialization
of Social Behavior

2. Socialization
The processes whereby the child is led to take on the way of life of his family and of the larger social groups in which he must relate and perform adequately in order ultimately to qualify for adult status

3. Parenting Behaviors Ideas Values Goals Styles
Both goal-directed and non-goal-directed behaviors (e.g., gestures, expressions)
Constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which the parent’s behaviors are expressed.

4. Styles Baumrind (1968): Parental control
intends to modify child’s expression of dependent, aggressive, and playful behavior, and to promote internalization of parental standards.
attempts to integrate the child into the family and society by demanding behavioral compliance
Behavioral and psychological control
Regulating the child’s conduct through firm but reasonable discipline and monitoring his/her conduct
Attempts to influence behavior by ignoring or discounting a child’s feelings, or inducing shame or guilt.

5. Styles ------------ control Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive
Clarity of communication
Arbitrary vs. reasonable rules and maturity demands
Nurturance
Restrictiveness

6. Martin & Maccoby (1983) Responsiveness Styles of parenting
Differs from warmth which is given on parent’s impulse regardless of child’s state.
Sensitivity and adaptation to the child’s signals, states and needs.
Parents’ recognition of the child’s individuality.
Styles of parenting
Indulgent parents (similar to permissive)
Neglecting parents

7. Styles - Behaviors Problems with typologies:
Captures a configuration of practices
What aspect of parenting affects which outcomes?
E.g.,authoritative parenting and child outcomes
Extant notions about processes are speculative, not empirically grounded.

8. Styles - Behaviors
Style: indirect, general attitude, emotional climate
Behavior: content & frequency of practices
Moderated: “effectiveness”
practice
outcome
style

9. Styles - Behaviors
Style alters parents’ capacity to socialize the child by changing the effectiveness of their parenting practices:
Transforms the nature of the parent-child interaction
2. Influences child’s openness to parental influence
practice
outcome
style

10. Socialization techniques
Prosocial behaviors that reflect internalized moral principles and empathy are more enduring
Empathy and empathy-inducing techniques

11. Effectiveness of Inductive Appeals
Power assertion component in inductive appeals and empathic arousal
Communicates desired behaviors strongly, so it appears to be necessary.
High levels arouse emotions (fear, anger) and acts (gaze aversion, withdrawal) that disrupt cognitive processing

12. Effectiveness of Inductive Appeals
Tone of induction:
Emotional intensity influences its effect
- emotionally charged explanations
“What you did hurt Ayse really bad.”
- delivery with anger

13. Induction Internalization of parental inductions
Accurate perception and acceptance: content and rules implied must be clear
Parent and child characteristics are also important:
- developmental level of child
- temperament
persistence (attention component)

14. Induction Increases likelihood to display positive behaviors
Capitalizes on child’s capacity for empathy
Child plays an active role in processing the message and over time, remembers the link between action and consequences
Focus is on child’s behavior rather than on parent as disciplinarian

15. Wrap-up: Effectiveness of Inductive Appeals
Configuration of parenting is important
Verbalization by parents who typically do not use power-assertive techniques
Power assertion and level of arousal

16. Configuration of parenting is important
Wrap-up:
Configuration of parenting is important
Parenting style alters the impact of induction
induction
Positive social behavior
Moderator: Parenting style
Authoritarian parenting
Authoritative parenting

17. Effectiveness of Inductive Appeals
Hoffman (1975)
Power assertion: fear of detection and punishment
Authoritative control: induction evokes empathic response
Communicates desired behaviors strongly
Warmth: gives a feeling of security

18. Other Methods Punitive discipline
Attribution to motives (fear of detection) and prosocial self-concept
Not optimal context for empathy and learning
Modeling
High intensity power-assertive tactics promote noncompliance, defiance and a lack of concern for others