1. 9/18 We will have a reading check quiz on Chapter 7.
Make sure you focus on all bold words….you are allowed to use your notes.

2. Chapter 7:States of Consciousness= Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

3. The Necker Cube Which square is the front surface of the cube?
Which square is the rear surface of the cube?
Example of shifting consciousness - can we control it or not?
Can we hold two conflicting chunks of conscious experience simultaneously?

4. The holey hand - shifting consciousness
Can you make the hole disappear? Can you make your hand whole?

5. Levels of Consciousness
Consciousness as Sensory Awareness (outside yourself)
Consciousness as Direct Inner Awareness (feelings, imagining)
Consciousness as Sense of Self (ourselves and our existence)
We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level.
Mere-exposure effect
Priming
Blind sight

6. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious Level
Awareness of things inside/outside of our lives
Nonconscious Level
Basic biological functions
Preconscious Level
Not in awareness right now, but you can recall if you had to.
Subconscious Level
AKA Unconscious; unavailable to awareness under most circumstances. FREUD

7. Neuropsychology of Consciousness
Importance of the Thalamus
Impairments in Consciousness
Prosopagnosia (pro-sop-ag-NO-see-a) – Inability to recognize human faces- often related to damage in the fusiform gyrus in the temporal lobe.

8. Freud’s Level of Consciousness
Conscious Level: Perceptions and thoughts
Preconscious Level:
Memories, Stored knowledge
Unconscious Level: selfish needs, immoral urges, fears, unacceptable desires

9. True of False:
When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with their dream.
Older adults sleep more than young adults.
Sleep walkers are acting out their dreams.
Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.
Some people dream every night; others seldom dream.

10. Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations
Annual Cycles (Infradian)
28 Day Cycles (Infradian)
24 Hour Cycles (Circadian)
90 minute Cycles (ultradian)

11. Circadian Cycle Latin Circa “about” and Diem “day”
Body temperature
Grow to be a morning person!
Jet lag?
Light
*sleep inducing hormone melatonin
*Adenosine-produce more when we are awake which inhibits neurons making us sleepy
Artificial light delays sleep

12. Sleep When different parts of our cortex stop communicating
90 minute cycle of 5 distinct sleep stages.

13. Sleep Cycles Brain waves measured with an EEG
Awake (Sleep Onset) = alpha waves
Slipping into sleep takes place in an unremembered moment.

14. EEG Recordings of a typical brain
Slow wave
Slow wave
Sleep is active!

15. Stage 1 Light Sleep Only lasts a few minutes
May experience hallucinations
Your brain produces Theta Waves.

16. Stage 2 More Theta Waves that get progressively slower.
Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves.
Sleep talking takes place in this stage

17. Stages 3 and 4 Slow wave sleep. Delta waves.
If awoken you will be very groggy.
Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health.
From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go back to stage 3, then 2….then ……

18. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Paradoxical sleep
Brain is very active but the body is essentially paralyzed
Where most dreams usually occur
Increase in length as the night goes on

19. A Nights Sleep

20. Sleep Throughout Your Life

21. Why Sleep? Evolutionary Reason
Better to asleep off in a cave, out of harm’s way (not smart to navigate around rocks and cliffs at night)
Physiological Reason
Sleep helps us recuperate. It helps us restore and repair brain tissue.

22. Sleep Disorders

23. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep
Affects 10% of the population

24. Narcolepsy narco-”numbness” lepsy- “seizure”
Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness at the most inopportune times.
Directly into REM sleep
Lasts less than 5 minutes
Low amounts of hypocretin (alert neurotransmitter)
Less than .001 % of population.
Skeeter the Narcoleptic Dog…

25. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep.
Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep.
Very common, especially in heavy males.
Can be fatal.

26. Night Terrors
Characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
Unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep.
Most common in children

27. Somnambulism Sleep Walking
Most often occurs during the first few hours of stage 4 sleep
Probably related to night terrors

28. Dreams

29. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.
Manifest Content (Superego) literal meaning
Latent Content (Id)
Underlying meaning

30. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams are a way to sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory.
Dreams relate to everyday concerns

31. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Our brain is trying to interpret random electrical activity
That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.

32. Hypnosis

33. Hypnosis hypnos means sleep.
An altered state of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance.
German Physician Frank Mesmer in 1700s and “magnet treatment”

34. Hypnosis Therapeutic?
Posthypnotic suggestions- A suggestions, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some to help control undesirable symptoms and behaviors

35. Hypnosis fact & Fiction
Facts
Fiction
Most people are hypnotizable (20% highly)
Can help alleviate pain
You can’t go back in time with hypnosis to recall past events
You can’t be made to do anything you wouldn’t normally do
Doesn’t help with addiction

36. Dissociation Theory- A split between levels of consciousness
We voluntarily divide our consciousness (split pain stimulus from the emotional suffering)
Ice Water Experiment. Water feels very very cold, but not painful.

37. Social Influence Theory
Hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness
Subjects are like actors who get caught up in their role

38. Near Death Experiences
In studies of those who have come close to death, 12 to 40 percent recalled a near-death experience.
Replay of old memories, tunnel with bright light, floating
Biological explanation (oxygen deprivation can produce hallucinations complete with tunnel vision)
Dualists (mind and body are two distinct entities
Monists (mind and body are different aspect of the same thing)