1. Why did people move to the cities
American families
Problems with urbanization

2. Early America
Farms, Large families, economics, no schools

3. American Industrial Revolution
Mccormick’s reaper, John Deere Steel plow
Need less people on the farm, more to the factories

4. Factories in the Cities
Steam powered equipment, jobs for women, children
1938 Federal regulation of child labor Fair Labor Standards Act (minimum age)

5. Race to the Cities Immigrants Farmers
African-Americans from the Southern States
Why?
Cheap and most convenient place to live
Jobs
Ethnic communities for social support

6. Problems of Urbanization

7. Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis
Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming. That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access--and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. In summer, when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in this block, it is worked in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there. The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail--what do they mean? They mean that the dead baby by the door downstairs we passed will have another story to tell--Oh! a sadly familiar story--before the day is at an end. This child is dying with measles. With half a chance it might have lived; but it had none. That dark bedroom killed it.

8. City Streets

11. Tenements

13. "Everybody works but. " A common scene in the tenements
"Everybody works but....." A common scene in the tenements. Father sits around. "Sometimes I make $9, sometimes 10 a week, sometimes nottin'." All work together, they make 4 dollars a week. Work until 9 P.M. New York City., 12/12/1911

15. Police

16. Subways & Streetcars

18. School Room 1890’s

19. Typhoid Mary

20. Cholera

21. Settlement Houses Hull House

22. Jane Addams
movement

24. Disasters Chicago Fire Oct. 8-10 1871 300 died 100,000 homeless
17,500 buildings destroyed
$200 million damage

25. Disasters San Francisco Earthquake Apr 18, 1900 1000 people died
200,000 homeless
28,000 buildings destroyed
$500 million damage

26. Working Class Family

27. Housing

28. Housing Overcrowding No windows or windows nailed shut
Keep out smell of garbage, dead animals
Keep out rats

29. Sanitation

30. Sanitation On the streets Polluted Air Horse manure Garbage
Dead animals
Polluted Air

31. Transportation

32. Transportation People have to walk to work Not enough Street Cars
Subways

33. Crime

34. Crime
Population ↑ = Crime ↑
Many cities could not afford police

35. Water

36. Water
Often no indoor plumbing
Contaminated
Typhoid
Cholera

37. Fire

38. Fire Wooden buildings Lack of waterlines
Candles and Kerosene (flammable)
Only volunteer firefighters