1. Cardiovascular System
Structure
Function
Effects of Aging
Disorders
Diagnosis of Disorders

2. Cardiovascular System
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Cardiovascular System
Cardio = "heart"
Vascular = "vessels"
Also known as circulation system
Parts
Blood
Blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Heart

3. Videos Overview, A, 2:00 Circulatory system, A, 2:04
ECA3C97794
Circulatory system, A, 2:04
Blood circulation in the heart, A, 5:09
1 minute pause from ~1:00 to 2:00

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Blood
Plasma
Blood Cells
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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Plasma
The liquid part of blood
About 90% water
The other 10% is:
proteins
albumin - helps moves fluid in and out of bloodstream
fibrinogen - part of the blood clotting process
globulins - help fight infection
nutrients & minerals
glucose
amino acids
fats
salts

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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen
Made in the bone marrow and continually replaced
Carry a protein called hemoglobin which binds oxygen

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Leukocytes
White blood cells
Fight infection
Your body's "Army" for fighting invaders
Several different kinds, each kills invaders in a different way
Made in the bone marrow and lymphatic system

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Thrombocytes
Platelets
Clotting (coagulation) of blood
Hemostasis - when platelets plug up a site of injury to make sure you don't lose too much blood
Made in bone marrow

9. Do Now Write answers on piece of paper to turn in
What are the four parts of the cardiovascular system?
What are the two components of blood?
What are the three proteins in plasma?
What are the three types of blood cells?
What is the function of each type of blood cell?

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Blood Vessels
Carry blood to and from all tissues in the body
Have three layers
tunica externa - outer layer made of tough connective tissue
tunica media - middle layer made of smooth muscle
tunica intima - inside layer made of endothelium
Role of smooth muscle
Constrict (get smaller) to slow flow of blood
Dilate (get bigger) to speed up the flow of blood

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Blood Vessels
Two types
Arteries - carry blood away from heart
Veins - carry blood toward heart
Differences between types
Smooth muscles - arteries have more to deal with blood under great force and pressure coming from heart
Valves - veins have valves to help the blood get back to the heart.

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Blood Vessels
Names change as they get smaller
Arterioles - smaller arteries
Venules - smaller veins
Capillaries - smallest blood vessels
where oxygen and nutrients are dropped off
where carbon dioxide and waste are picked up

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Lymphatic System
The blood is under pressure because of the pumping of the heart
This pressure forces some of the plasma to leak out through the capillaries
The lymphatic system helps return this fluid to the bloodstream
The lymphatic system also helps fight infection

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Lymphatic System
Lymph
What plasma fluid is called after it gets into the lymphatic system
Lymphatics
Name for the entire system for transporting lymph
Lymph vessels
Vessels like blood vessels that transport lymph through the body
Lymph nodes
Masses along the lymphatics that look for invaders

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Lymphatic System

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Lymphatic System
Thymus
Gland that responds to infection
Stimulates the production of T-cells
Located in chest
Spleen
Filters blood & removes old blood cells
Storage organ for "emergency" blood supply
Located in abdomen

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Heart
Pump for cardiovascular system
Hollow, muscular organ
About the size of your fist
Located in the center of chest, tilted a little to your left
Behind the sternum (breastbone)

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Heart Tissue
Like blood vessels, heart tissue has layers
endocardium - inner layer, smooth surface
myocardium - middle layer, cardiac muscle
epicardium - outer layer, smooth layer
pericardium - protective sac that surrounds heart, releases fluid that allows heart to move easily (like pleura!)

23. Inner Structure of the Heart
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Inner Structure of the Heart
Inside the heart
septum separates one side from the other
valves separate top and bottom chambers from each other
atria - top chambers that receive blood coming back
ventricles - larger bottom chambers that pump blood out
total of 4 chambers in heart
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

25. Write this in your notes mitral (bicuspid) valve
Heart Valves
Role of valves
Flaps open for blood flowing forwards
Flaps snap shut to prevent blood flowing backwards
Four valves in heart
name
between
and
tricuspid valve
right atrium
right ventricle
mitral (bicuspid) valve
left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
aortic valve
aorta

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Conduction System
For the heart to work properly as a pump, the contraction of the muscles has to be well coordinated
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
small mass of special tissue in the heart
sets pace of contraction of heart
sends out an electrical impulse
travels through the conduction system
causes muscle in myocardium to contract

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Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation brings oxygen and nutrients to heart muscle so it can keep beating
Ischemia - lack of oxygen to tissues
A prolonged ischemia to the heart can be fatal

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Functions
Transport
major function
see following slides
Temperature Regulation
moving of blood helps regulate temperature
Protection
transportation of leukocytes
response to injury with clotting

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Transport
Brings to the tissues
oxygen
nutrients
messengers (hormones)
Takes away from tissues
carbon dioxide
waste products of metabolism

33. Two Transportation Circuits
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Two Transportation Circuits
Systemic Circulation
the entire body except for the lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
the lungs

35. Systemic Circulation Write this in your notes step blood start end 1
O2 rich
left atrium
left ventricle 2
aorta 3
coronary arteries
arterioles in rest of body 4
arterioles
capillaries 5
O2 and nutrients go into cells
CO2 and waste go out of cells 6
O2 poor
venules 7
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava 8
right atrium

37. Pulmonary Circulation
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Pulmonary Circulation
step
blood
start
end 1
O2 poor
right atrium
right ventricle 2
pulmonary artery 3
alveoli 4
O2 goes into red blood cells
CO2 goes out of red blood cells 5
O2 rich
pulmonary vein 6
left atrium

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Cardiac Cycle
Two phases
Systole
active phase
myocardium around chamber contracts
sends blood out of the chamber
Diastole
resting phase
myocardium around chamber relaxes
allows blood to fill the chamber

40. 2 Steps of Cardiac Cycle Write this in your notes
Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole
right atria relaxes
left atria relaxes
right ventricle contracts
left ventricle contracts
Atrial Systole, Ventricular Diastole
right atria contracts
left atria contracts
right ventricle relaxes
left ventricle relaxes

41. "lubb - dupp" Write this in your notes "lubb"
tricuspid and mitral valves closing
"dupp"
pulmonary & atrial valves closing

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Effect of Life Choices
Diet
diets low in saturated fats helps avoid atherosclerosis
Exercise
works the heart and keeps it in shape
Smoking
chemicals in tobacco smoke damage blood vessels and the heart itself

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Effects of Aging
Less efficient contraction
less efficient movement of blood out of heart chambers
Decreased elasticity of arteries & veins
blood vessels are less able to constrict or dilate
reduced control of blood pressure
less efficient blood flow back to heart
Decreased number of blood cells
reduced erythrocytes means reduced oxygen delivery
reduced leukocytes means reduced defenses

44. Cardiovascular Disorders
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Cardiovascular Disorders
Blood Disorders
Blood Vessel Disorders
Heart Disorders

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Blood Disorders
Anemia
Leukemia
Bleeding Disorders

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Anemia
Problems with O2 delivery by RBCs
Not enough RBCs
impaired production
problem with bone marrow
chronic blood loss
heavy menstrual period or bleeding ulcer
RBCs not working correctly
not enough hemoglobin
inadequate iron in diet, or inadequate vitamin B which helps absorb iron
misshaped erythrocytes
sickle cell anemia

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Leukemia
Overproduction of WBCs which are abnormal in structure and cannot function properly
Causes
cancer of the bone marrow
cancer of the lymphatic system
Effects
higher risk of infection
bleeding disorders
(bruising, bleed from gums)

48. Do Now Write on a piece of paper to hand in
What is anemia?
What causes the "lubb-dupp" noises heard through the stethoscope?
What are the two steps of the cardiac cycle?
What is the sinoatrial node?
What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?

49. Cardiovascular Disorders
Blood Disorders
Anemia
Leukemia
Bleeding Disorders
Blood Vessel Disorders
Heart Disorders

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Bleeding Disorders
Blood clots too much
Clots in body cut off the flow of O2 and nutrients to downstream tissues
Thrombi - clots
Embolus - clots that break free and travel in the body
if they block an important vessel, embolus can be fatal
Patients take "blood thinners" to reduce clotting
Blood clots not enough
Wounds to blood vessels slow to repair
Can be life-threatening
Commonly caused by lack of fibrinogen or low platelet count

51. Blood Vessel Disorders
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Blood Vessel Disorders
Atherosclerosis
Venous Disorders

52. Atherosclerosis

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Atherosclerosis
When arteries become blocked because of the build-up of a plaque.
Downstream tissues suffer from reduced O2 and nutrients.
The plaque can cause a clot to form which can stop blood flow completely.
The artery walls can become brittle and prone to breaking (arteriosclerosis or hardening of arteries). This can lead to hemorrhages.

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Location Matters
Atherosclerosis causes different effects depending on the location of the artery
Heart - myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Brain - stroke
Kidney - renal failure
Legs - peripheral vascular disease

55. Causes of Atherosclerosis
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Causes of Atherosclerosis
medical conditions
diabetes
hypertension (high blood pressure)
obesity
heredity
stress
smoking
diet high in cholesterol or saturated fats
lack of physical activity

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Venous Disorders
varicose veins
phlebitis
venous thrombosis
venous (stasis) ulcers

57. Varicose Veins

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Varicose Veins
Venous valves in veins help blood flow back to the heart
If the venous valves stop functioning properly, then blood can "pool" in the veins
Often seen in superficial (near skin) veins in the legs
Signs
swollen and "knotty" appearance
pain, aching, swelling or heaviness
higher risk of phlebitis or venous ulcers

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Phlebitis
Inflammation of the vein lining
Caused by pooling of blood, as seen with varicose veins
Signs
skin over vein is red, hard and hot to the touch
very painful

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Venous Thrombosis
Blood clots (thrombi) in vein
Often occurs where blood pools because blood is moving so slowly
If accompanied by inflammation of vein lining, then it is called thrombophlebitis

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DVTs
If clot occurs in deep veins (not near skin), then it is called deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
Clots from DVTs can break free and settle in the lung causing a pulmonary embolism, a potentially fatal condition

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Venous Ulcers
Open sore in the skin of the lower legs
Pressure of pooled blood pushes plasma out of the veins into the surrounding tissues
tissues swell
skin becomes fragile and inflamed
skin breaks producing an open sore

63. Compression Stockings thromboembolism deterrent (TED) hose

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Heart Disorders
Coronary Artery Disease
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Heart Failure
Dysrhythmias

65. Coronary Artery Disease
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Coronary Artery Disease
Caused by a narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
Results from atherosclerosis
Treated with
drugs to keep the arteries open
balloon angioplasty
Closely related conditions are angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

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Angina Pectoris
Chest pain that results from the heart muscle being deprived of oxygen
Nitroglycerin under tongue is treatment
relaxes arteries and increase blood flow

69. Myocardial Infarction
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Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack
When blood supply the heart muscle is completely obstructed
Dead tissue is called an infarct
Fast action is key

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Heart Failure
Results from the heart's inability to pump blood in sufficient amounts to supply the body
Can be on either side of the heart
Right side - cor pulmonale
blood backs up in the venous system
veins in legs and abdomen become swollen
Left side - congestive heart failure
blood backs up in the lungs
fluid backs up in the lungs and makes breathing difficult

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Dysrhythmias
Irregular heart rate, rhythm, or both
When the conduction system of the heart is not working properly
Heart block is one type
Myocardial infarction damages conduction pathway
An electronic pacemaker is implanted to stimulate the heart's contractions

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Diagnosis Tools 1
Electrocardiography (EKG, ECG)
sensors attached to patient's chest
examines conduction system of heart
sometimes done with exercise (stress test)

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Diagnosis Tools 2
Echocardiography
Sound waves bounced off of internal organs
Examine size, shape, pumping strength or damage of heart

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Diagnosis Tools 3
Doppler Ultrasound
sound waves
examines blood flow in arteries and veins of arms and legs

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Diagnosis Tools 4
Radiography (x-rays)
Show size of ventricles
With dyes, can look at blood vessels

79. More Videos Overview, 11:30 Overview 22:00 Lymphatic System, 10:36
Overview 22:00
Lymphatic System, 10:36
Overview, 13:49
Cardiovascular Diseases (several, all short)
EB9424E