1. Form and Value

2. 2-D Shapes Any shape that is perceived to be flat is considered 2-D.
These shapes can be geometric or organic.
Squares, circles, triangles, etc. are examples.

3. Forms (3-D shapes)
Forms are 3-D shapes that can be perceived as having multiple sides.
The names of forms are different from the names of shapes.
Each form has a shape counterpart.

4. Shape/Form Counterparts
Circle – Sphere, Cylinder
Triangle – Pyramid, Cone, Triangular Prism
Square – Cube
Rectangle – Cuboid
Hexagon – Hexagonal Prism

5. Value Value describes how dark or light an area in a picture is.
Value can be used with black and white or color pictures.
Often, a value scale will be created in order to know how many shades are being used in a picture.

6. Value Scale Is numbered 0-10 White is 0; Black is 10.
Each box gets darker as the number increases.

7. Hatching and Cross Hatching
The easiest way to achieve a value is by hatching or cross hatching.
Hatching is when all your lines are in one direction (the closer together the darker the value).
Cross hatching is when your lines overlap (closer together or more lines makes it darker).

8. Things to remember when Shading
Decide where your light is.
The farther a space is from the light the darker it will be.
The closer a space is to the light the lighter it will be.
Objects have shades blended together, not stripes.