1. What is crystallography?
The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement.
Platinum
Platinum surface
Crystal lattice and
structure of Platinum
(scanning tunneling microscope)

2. Structure of Solids Objectives
By the end of this section you should be able to:
Identify a unit cell in a symmetrical pattern
Identify a crystal structure
Compare bcc, fcc and hcp crystal structures
Calculate atomic packing factors
Generally, if crystal not cubic but close, we treat as pseudocubic and use cubic distances.
Today is all about real space. Next time we move into reciprocal space.

3. Crystal Lattice = an infinite array of points in space
Could the centers of both Na and Cl be lattice points at the same time?
No, surroundings would not be identical. But, it doesn’t matter which you pick. You could even put the lattice points in between if you want. It makes no difference.
Crystal Lattice = an infinite array of points in space
Each lattice point has identical surroundings.
Arrays are arranged exactly in a periodic manner.

4. Crystal Structure =Lattice +Basis
Crystal structure can be obtained by attaching atoms, groups of atoms or molecules, which are called the basis (AKA motif) to every lattice point.
AKA means “also known as”

5. Crystal structure Don't mix up atoms with lattice points! (e.g. NaCl)
Lattice points are infinitesimal points in space
Atoms can lie at positions other than lattice points (though typically not defined that way)
While it is common to put the lattice points at the position of an atom, it is not required and you will sometimes see the basis defined such that no atom is at (000). The diagram shows an example of such a definition.
Crystal Structure = Crystal Lattice Basis

6. Defining a lattice means writing lattice vectors
A Bravais lattice is a set of points such that a translation from any point in the lattice by a vector;
R = u1 a1 + u2 a2
locates an exactly equivalent point, i.e. a point with the same environment. This is translational symmetry.
The vectors a1 and a2 are known as lattice vectors and (u1, u2) is a pair of integers whose values depend on the lattice point.
What are the lattice points (integers) for points D, F and P, where point A is the origin? P a2
We just called these direction before we started working with a lattice.
Mention what the integers are for B before making them do others. A a1
Point D (n1, n2) = (0,2)
Point F (n1, n2) = (0,-1)
Point P (n1, n2) = (3,2)

7. Typically has lattice vectors shown between lattice points.
Unit Cell in 2D
Typically has lattice vectors shown between lattice points.
The smallest component of the crystal (group of atoms, ions or molecules), which when stacked together with pure translational repetition reproduces the whole crystal.
The choice of
unit cell
is not unique.
2D-Crystal S S
Purple arrowed rectangle shows a counter example where the lattice vectors are shown not between lattice points. Remember you can always more vectors in space as long as the magnitude and direction stay fixed. S S b a

8. 2D Unit Cell example -(NaCl)
Can the box be a unit cell?
No.
We define lattice points ; these are points with identical environments

9. Is this the minimum 2D unit cell size
Is this the minimum 2D unit cell size? Where would the lattice points be?
Count atoms
Lattice points should all have identical environments

10. Choice of origin is arbitrary - lattice points need not be atoms - but unit cell size should always be the same.
Crystal Structure

11. This is also a unit cell - it doesn’t matter if you start from Na or Cl
Crystal Structure

12. - or if you don’t start from an atom
Crystal Structure

13. Bravais Lattices in 2D
Special case where angles go to 90
parallelogram
Special case where point halfway
In 2D there are five ways to order atoms in a lattice
Primitive unit cell: contains only one lattice point (but 4 points?)
Are the dotted lattices primitive?
Non-primitive unit cells sometimes useful if orthogonal coordinate system can be used
a=b
a=b
More common to use non-primitive in 3d (next slide)

14. Why can't the blue triangle be a unit cell?
Group exercise
Crystal Structure

15. Defining a lattice means writing lattice vectors
A Bravais lattice is a set of points such that a translation from any point in the lattice by a vector;
R = u1 a1 + u2 a2
locates an exactly equivalent point, i.e. a point with the same environment. This is translational symmetry.
The vectors a1 and a2 are known as lattice vectors and (u1, u2) is a pair of integers whose values depend on the lattice point.
In 2D, there should be only 2 vectors. What would they be here?

16. Defining Crystal Structure
(In your groups) determine the lattice vectors and basis for the smallest possible unit cell (more than one possible answer)
If you finish, draw the lattice. α a1 a2 O y x
a) Situation of atoms at the corners of regular hexagons
b) Crystal lattice obtained by identifying all the lattice points in (a)

17. Lattice Vectors – 3D
A three dimensional crystal is described by 3 fundamental translation vectors a, b and c (AKA: a1, a2 and a3)
  r = u1 a + u2 b + u3 c  
Also common:
R = h a1 + k a2 + l a3
Again, calling stuff by different names can be very confusing, particularly in this field.
Kittel uses a1, a2 and a3
Sometimes people will use [h k l] instead of u’s.
(more common to see in reciprocal space, later)

18. Solid Models: Close-Packed Spheres
Many atoms or ions forming solids have spherical symmetry (e.g. noble gases and simple metals)
Considering the atoms or ions as solid spheres we can imagine crystals as closely packed spheres
How can we pack them?

19. Simple cubic R = u1 a + u2 b + u3 c
Bravais lattice means that when you move along any lattice vectors, the resulting symmetry/environment is exactly the same c
The simple cubic structure is a Bravais lattice.
How many lattice points are in each unit cell?

20. Simple cubic
We can also simply count the lattice points we see in one unit cell.
But we have to keep track of how many unit cells share these atoms.
1/8 atom
1/8 atom
1/8 atom
another way of viewing this: count all the atoms in the unit cell
keep track of atom sharing!
also gives one atom
easier: construct cubic box around one atom!
1/8 atom
1/8 atom
1/8 atom
1/8 atom
1/8 atom

21. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR (APF)
close-packed directions (where they touch)
contains 8 x 1/8 = 1
atom/unit cell
Lattice constant
APF for the simple cubic structure = 0.52

22. Simple cubic
A simple cubic structure is not efficient at packing spheres (atoms occupy only 52% of the total volume). Marbles will not resemble.
Only one single element crystallizes in the simple cubic structure (polonium). More multi-elements.
If we took a bunch of marbles, we wouldn’t expect to see them stack this way.
Po is a rare metal

23. Another Reason Simple Cubic Structure is Rare
Groups: Using the spheres (like atoms) and magnetic sticks (like bonds between atoms), create a simple cubic lattice.
Hard to keep cubic. Too easier tilted. Compare to triangular lattice.
How does this compare to a triangular pyramid structure?

24. Three Cubic Unit Cell Types in 3D
Often drawn as different colors (for easy viewing) but these are NOT different atoms!
In groups: Discuss # of atoms per cell
These are all lattice points and the definition of a lattice point is that the environment has to be the same as all other lattice points.
IF THEY WERE DIFFERENT ATOMS, THIS WOULD NOT BE THE SAME STRUCTURE.
Vertex(corner) atom shared by 8 cells Þ 1/8 atom per cell

25. # of Lattice points/Unit Cell
For atoms in a cubic unit cell:
Points on faces are ½ within the cell
Points on Faces
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

26. Three Cubic Unit Cell Types in 3D
Are these primitive unit cells?
In groups: Discuss # of atoms per cell
Vertex(corner) atom shared by 8 cells Þ 1/8 atom per cell
Edge atom shared by 4 cells Þ 1/4 atom per cell
Face atom shared by 2 cells Þ 1/2 atom per cell
Body unique to 1 cell Þ 1 atom per cell

27. Conventional & Non-primitive
UNIT CELLS
Primitive
Conventional & Non-primitive
Single lattice point per cell
Smallest area in 2D, or
Smallest volume in 3D
More than one lattice point per cell
Integral multiples of the
area/volume of primitive cell
Common to get confused and think there should be only one atom per unit cell, but there can be multiple atoms in a basis!
Simple cubic(sc)
Conventional = Primitive cell
Body centered cubic(bcc)
Conventional ≠ Primitive cell
Crystal Structure

28. BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC)
What is the close packed direction?
Along the diagonal a
How would we calculate the atomic packing factor?
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded differently only for ease of viewing.

29. Better packing than SC
In the body-centred cubic (bcc) structure 68% of the total volume is occupied.
Next-nearest neighbors relatively close by – make structure stable in some instances. Examples: Group I metals, Ba, V, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Cr, Fe
Is this cube a primitive lattice?
No. The bcc structure is a Bravais lattice but the edges of the cube are not the primitive lattice vectors. Not smallest Vol.
How would you select a primitive unit cell? What volume should it have? (half of the conventional as there are 2 atoms in the conventional cubic cell). Select primitive lattice vectors along the body diagonals (they will not be orthogonal).
Easy to see why easier to use orthogonal convention lattice.

30. FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)
What is the close packed direction?
APF = 0.74
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
What are the lattice directions of the primitive unit cell?

31. Simple Crystal FCC
Part of 2V2
Another view

32. Groups: Fill in this Table for Cubic StructuresSC
BCC
FCC
Volume of conventional cell a3
# of atoms per cubic cell 1 2 4
Volume, primitive cell
½ a3
¼ a3
# of nearest neighbors 6 8 12
Nearest-neighbor distance a
½ a 3
a/2
# of second neighbors
Second neighbor distance
a2
While they still have their magnetic blocks
Mention that # NN=coordination number

33. Coordination number Primitive cubic Body centered cubic8
Coordination number 6
Primitive cubic
Body centered cubic
Face centered cubic 12

34. Close packed crystals A plane B plane C plane A plane
0.74 for both fcc and hcp
C plane
A plane
…ABCABCABC… packing
[Face Centered Cubic (FCC)]
…ABABAB… packing
[Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP)]

35. Close-packed structures: fcc and hcp
ABABAB...
fcc
ABCABCABC...
Let’s start in a plane. There it’s really simple
fcc face centred cubic
hcp hexagonal close-packed
If time allows:
In groups, build these two differing crystal structures.

36. In both the (a) ABA and (b) ABC close-packed arrangements, the coordination number of each atom is 12.

37. HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE (HCP)
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• 3D Projection
• 2D Projection
A little harder to get the APF for this one. Trick is to identify the closed packing direction (line above). Can anyone tell? Same APF as fcc.
APF = 0.74 (same as fcc)
What is the packing direction?
For ideal packing, c/a ratio of 1.633
However, in most metals, ratio deviates from this value

38. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: BCC
Adapted from
Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = p3/8 = 0.68

39. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister 6e.
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = p/(32) = 0.74
(best possible packing of identical spheres)