2. Different Kinds of Agriculture
Subsistence (LDC)
Commercial (MDC)
Shifting Cultivation
Slash-and-burn
Pastoral nomadism
Intensive wet rice and non-rice dominant
Lots of work
Dairy
Grain
Livestock
Mediterranean
Commercial gardening
Aquaculture
Plantation (LDCs)

4. Shifting Cultivation (Extensive)
Largest percentage of world’s land area
Two types
Slash-and-burn
Pastoral nomadism
Criticisms
Upsets ecology (desertification)
Destroys natural resources
Uses a lot of land & produces little food
Soil shows negative effects for years after

5. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
Humid, low-latitude climates
South America, Sub-Saharan Africa & Southeast Asia

6. Pastoral Nomadism (Extensive)
Dry climates
North Africa, Middle East, North & West China
Herding domesticated animals
Nomads = migratory
Trade animal products for food (predominantly grain)
Transhumance
Seasonal migration

7. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Various climates
South Asia & East Asia
Largest percentage of world’s people
Densely populated areas
East, South & Southeast Asia
Small plots of land
Virtually no land wasted
Little to no machinery

8. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Wet Rice Dominant
Wet Rice Not Dominant
Seedling grown in nursery
Field plowed by animals
Transplant seedling
Flood field (sawah)
Double-cropping
Climate
Low rain levels
Harsh winters
Northern China, India
Dominant crop: Wheat
Also, barley, corn, etc.

9. Plantation Farming (Intensive)
Warm/humid climates
Commercial Agriculture
LDCs
Central & South America, Africa & Asia
Specializes in one or two crops
Latin America = coffee, sugarcane, bananas
Asia = rubber & palm oil
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10. How Green is Your Coffee?

11. Mixed Crop & Livestock (Intensive)
Warm or cold mid-latitude climates
1. Most crops go to animals
Feedlot
2. Animals produce manure
3. Manure used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops
Land
To crops
Income
Animal products
U.S. = corn, soybeans
Corn Belt = Ohio to Dakotas

12. Dairy Farming (Intensive)
Cold mid-latitude climates (generally)
Northern U.S. (from New England to upper Midwest)
Western & Northern Europe
SE Australia & Northern New Zealand
Milkshed
Closer to milkshed = more milk
Farther from milkshed = more butter, cheese, dried, evaporated milk

15. Grain Farming (Intensive)
Dry or warm mid-latitude climates
Products
Wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley
Top producers
China & India
Top exporters
U.S. (by far)
Wheat Belt
Winter = Kansas, Colorado & Oklahoma
Spring = Dakotas, Montana & Saskatchewan
Canada
Argentina
Australia
France

18. Livestock Ranching (Extensive)
Dry climates
Same as Nomadic Pastoralism
Differences
Not nomadic, commercial vs. subsistence
Livestock Fattening (Feedlot)
Fatten cattle & hogs for slaughter
Efficient? 21 lbs grain = 1 lb edible meat
U.S.
Expanded in 1860s
Cattle drives from Texas to railroads
Livestock vs. Sedentary farming
“Range wars”
Barbed wire

19. Mediterranean Agriculture (Intensive)
Warm mid-latitude climates
Southern Europe, North Africa, western Asia, California, central Chile, SW South Africa, SW Australia
Moisture & mild winters
Hot & dry summers
Horticulture
Fruits, vegetables, flowers
Tree crops

20. Commercial Gardening (Intensive)
Humid climate
And access to markets
“Market Gardening” or Truck farming
Truck = “to carry” or “to exchange”
Southeast
Northeast
“Specialty Farming”
Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, etc.

21. Fishing & Aquaculture (Intensive…..unless)
Globally, fish supply just 6% of the protein people consume – but in East Asia it’s over 25%.
The world’s oceans are divided into 18 major fishing regions. Most – especially in the North Atlantic, and East China Sea – have been badly overfished.
As a result, aquaculture – “fish farming” – has become very important.
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