1. Perfect Passive Participle in Clauses

2. Time
Perfect passive participles represent action happening BEFORE the action of the main verb.
Voice, Gender and Number
Voice: Perfect Participles are Passive
Gender and Number:
They agree in gender and number with the noun they modify

3. Uses Participles are used more in Latin than in English.
Therefore, we will have to translate them more creatively into English in order for them to make sense

4. Ways to Translate When, After, Although, Since, Because
The participle is then translated in either the perfect or pluperfect tense.

5. Example Convocati pueri verba magistri audient.
After they have been called together, the boys will hear the words of the teacher.

6. Analysis Participle is a verbal adjective –
Convocati agrees with pueri.
The action (convocati) took place before the action of the main verb. (translate either in perfect, if main verb is not a past tense, or in pluperfect, if main verb is in the past tense)

7. Example #2 Territi non processerunt.
Since they were scared, they did not advance.
Territi is nominative, plural and masculine.

8. Example #3 Quattuor libros lectos accepi.
I received four books after they had been read.

9. Relative Clause
A participle phrase can also be translated as a relative clause.
Example:
Pecuniam amissam invenit.
He found the money which had been lost.

10. Translation practice Romani multa oppida occupata reliquerunt.
Visi a peruis, inimici fugerunt.

11. More practice
Pecunia, a me in via amissa, ab amico meo inventa est.
2. Malus puer, ab amicis monitus, liberos non iam terruit.
3. Miles, bello commotus, trans flumen domum iit.