1. Copy and answer the two statements below: a) List three things about you that are similar to your parent(s). b) Why don’t you look exactly like your parents?
Bell Work: 2/8/16

2. Answer the question below & explain.
Out of all of the traits you have from your parents, if you could change one of them, what would it be? Why?
Bell Work: 2/8/17

3. Learning Target(s): I Can…….
A) explain the differences between dominant and recessive traits.
B) explain the differences between phenotypes and genotypes.

4. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Chapter 8 “Heredity”
copyright cmassengale

5. Why don’t you look exactly like your parents?
You don’t look exactly like your parents because of what is known as “ heredity’.
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
You may have curly hair while both your parents have straight hair or blue eyes while both of your parents have brown eyes
People have investigated this question for a long time.
About 150 years ago, Gregor Mendel performed an important experiment which helped find answers to many of our questions.

6. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Gregor Mendel ( )
Is credited for the theories that explain how are traits are inherited from generation to generation.
copyright cmassengale

7. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Gregor Johann Mendel
Was an Austrian monk who studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants. He was also great in Math, which helped him to better understand his research.
He developed the laws of inheritance
He is known as the “Father of Genetics."
copyright cmassengale

8. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments
copyright cmassengale

9. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Let’s look back for a second: remember that whole Reproduction thing in Flowering Plants????
Pollen contains the male sex cell ( sperm). It is Produced by the _______.
Female sex cells (eggs) are the _______. These are located inside the _____ of the flower.
Flowers are able to reproduce with the help of bees and other living organisms.
anther
ovules
ovary

10. Two types of fertilization in Flowering Plants
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Two types of fertilization in Flowering Plants
Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization. Fertilization can occur by:
a)_____________ can occur in the “same” flower.
Self-pollination
b) ____________ can occur between two “different” flowers.
Cross-pollination

11. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
How Mendel Began
Mendel produced pure strains of plants by allowing plants to “self-pollinate” for several generations
copyright cmassengale

12. Mendel’s experiments…
From working with these plants, Mendel noticed that the patterns of inherited traits were not always clear.
Sometimes traits would appear in one generation and be absent in another generation. In generations afterwards, the trait would “reappear” again.
Mendel noticed this also occurred in other organisms as well, so he wanted to learn more about “what caused these patterns”
To keep his investigation simple, Mendel decided to study plant, since he had already done research on them before.
How do you think Mendel’s experiment relates to you and your family?

13. Mendel studied only one characteristic at a time…
A characteristic is a feature that has different forms in a population. (ex: hair color)
What are some more examples of characteristics a person may have?
Any characteristic that can be passed from a parent to his/her offspring are called “Traits”. These traits can come in different forms such as red hair, brown hair, etc… .

14. “Trying it all”…..
Mendel used different plants that had different traits for each of the characteristics he studied.
The results:
All of the flowers were purple? Are you surprised?
What happened to the traits of the White flower?
Mendel’s First experiment:
Mendel used plants that were “true-breed” to get different traits for each characteristic.
(ex: purple flower + white flower)

15. Dominant and Recessive..
Mendel noticed that from crossing the plants, one trait was always present and the other seemed to have disappeared.
Mendel chose to call these traits:
A) Dominant
B) Recessive
Dominant traits are those that appear or are “visible”.
Recessive traits are those that are “hidden”.

16. Back to Gregor Mendel…
Mendel knew that from his experiment there must be two sets of instructions (one given from each parent).
We now call these instructions “genes”.
Each parent gives one set of genes to the offspring. The offspring then has two forms of the same gene for every characteristic –(one from each parent) .

17. What’s in your “genes”…….
B= brown-eyed
b= blue-eyed
The different form of a gene (such as “dominant” or recessive”) is called an allele.
Dominant alleles are represented by a Capital letter.
Recessive alleles are represented by a lower-case letter.

18. Quick check: How many alleles make up an gene?
Where does each allele come from?
Scenario: You have “freckles”. Your mom has rosy cheeks, but dad has freckles also. What is the dominant gene in this example?
Now write an example of an allele to represent the freckles and an example to represent the rosy cheeks.
Possible Answer:
FF= freckles
ff= rosy cheeks

19. BrainPop!
Get ready to take notes on your sheet…give at least 3 important NEW pieces of information
BrainPop: Genetics

20. Bell Work 2/9/17
Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits
Explain the difference between alleles and genes

21. Genes affect the traits of offspring….
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Genes affect the traits of offspring….
An organism’s “physical appearance” is known as its phenotype.
( ex: color of plants: purple or white
Shapes : round or wrinkled
In humans phenotypes are little more complicated.
(Ex: Albinism in humans is even considered a phenotype).
Describe the phenotype of
this flower.
Red and
Yellow
copyright cmassengale

22. Genes affect the traits of offspring….
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Genes affect the traits of offspring….
An organism’s “genetic make-up appearance” is known as its genotype.
All genes occur in pairs, so 2 alleles affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes RR Rr rr
Phenotypes RED RED YELLOW
copyright cmassengale

23. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Genotypes
Homozygous genotype – allele combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles Homozygous genotypes are also called “pure” genotypes. 
(e.g. RR or rr)
Heterozygous genotype - gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele. These are     also called “hybrid” genotypes.
(e.g. Rr)
copyright cmassengale

24. Assignment #1: OK – let’s see how much you know so far about genetics!
Complete the
A) “Monsters Genetics” worksheet p. 92 ISN
B) “Heredity Voc. Review” worksheet page 93 ISN

25. the Christmas Countdown!
Bell work:
If T is the allele for tall and t is the allele for short, write the 3 possible genotypes.
Ready for
the Christmas Countdown!

26. Genotypes represent the “genetic make- up” of the organism.
Remember!!!
Genotypes represent the “genetic make- up” of the organism.

27. Phenotypes represent the “physical appearance” in the organism
Remember!!!
Phenotypes represent the “physical appearance” in the organism
What are some words you can use to
Describe the phenotypes in this slide?

28. Quickcheck???? What does “homozygous” mean? “Heterozygous”?
How many of each type is shown here?

29. Learning Target(s): I Can…….
Use a punnett square to predict possible outcomes when crossing different traits.

30. Punnett Squares: What are they and why do we use them?
Are used to help solve genetics problems
2) It organizes all the
possible combinations of
offspring from particular
parents.
copyright cmassengale 30

31. Y= yellow pea
y= green pea 31

32. Get some practice….
Create a Punnet Square to predict the offspring of two plants that produce round seeds. The “genotype” for each parent is Rr.
Round seeds are dominant and wrinkled seeds are recessive.
R=round
r= wrinkled
What will the offspring look like?
Work this problem first with the kids….think aloud!!! To go through your steps!!!...USE A EXPO MARKER TO DRAW ON THIS PAGE BEFORE SHOWING THE RESULTS…..use the next slide as a review of how we solved the problem….. 32

33. Practice problem …. R r RR Rr R r Rr rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Practice problem ….
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Rr x Rr
What will the offspring look like?
What are the Genotypes?:_________
What are the Phenotypes?:________
What percent is “round”? “Wrinkled”? R r RR Rr R r Rr rr
copyright cmassengale

34. Here’s your answer…. R r RR Rr R r Rr rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Here’s your answer….
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Rr x Rr
Three of the offspring are Round and one is wrinkled.
What are the Genotype?: RR, rr, Rr
What are the Phenotype?: Round & Wrinkled
What percent is round? Wrinkled? 75% Round 25% wrinkled R r RR Rr R r Rr rr
copyright cmassengale

35. Sample Problem #1 What are the Genotypes?__________
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Sample Problem #1
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross:
“homozygous”Round seeds x “Heterozygous” Round seeds
RR x Rr
What are the Genotypes?__________
What is the Phenotype(s)? _______________
What percent is round? Wrinkled? ________
copyright cmassengale

36. Sample problem #2: Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Sample problem #2:
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
rr x Rr
What is the Genotype(s)?
What is the Phenotype(s)?
What percent is Round? What percent is Wrinkled?
copyright cmassengale

37. Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
More practice: on your notebook paper, predict the offspring of the plants crossed below.
T= Tall plants
t = short plants
b) What are your results by Crossing two of the offspring?
Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt
a) What are your results?
copyright cmassengale

38. Here’s your Answer: How did you do????
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Here’s your Answer: How did you do????
b) What are your results by Crossing two of the offspring?
Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt
a) What are your results?
All of the
Offspring are
(Tt)
3 Tall & 1 short
(TT, Tt, & tt)
copyright cmassengale

39. Practice! Practice! Practice!
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Practice! Practice! Practice!
Complete the practice problems from the worksheet:
“Bikini Bottom Genetics”
Be sure to show all of your work!!!
Pull up the Baby Geniuses powerpoint to work problems visually with the students (using Epsom Projector or overhead transparencies)…….
copyright cmassengale

40. Bellwarmer: Only copy the questions in green!!!
Create a punnett square and answer the questions in green 
In roses the color pink (P) is dominant to the color yellow (p).
A heterozygous pink rose is crossed with a homozygous yellow rose.
What are the phenotypes of the offspring? _____
What are the genotypes of the offspring? _____
What are the chances the offspring will be yellow? _________
What are the chances the offspring will be green? ___________

41. Objectives: I can: Analyze and interpret a pedigree chart.
Explain the differences in genetic disorders and sex-linked traits.

42. RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS….
Examples include:
Result in the mutation of a recessive genetic gene.
Many recessive gene disorders are rare.
A) Cystic fibrosis- in Caucasian- Americans
B) Sickle-cell Anemia
in African-Americans
Cystic fibrosis produces a “thick” fluid rather than “thin” to lubricate the lungs and digestion tract. It builds up and makes it hard to breathe. You usually get repeated bacterial respiratory infections. Can be fatal.
Sickle cell anemia—abnormal shaped red blood cells that don’t add oxygen to the blood (with hemoglobin). Can also be fatal.

43. Genetic Disorders……. Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
produces a “thick” fluid rather than “thin” to lubricate the lungs and digestion tract. It builds up and makes it hard to breathe. You usually get repeated bacterial respiratory infections. Can be fatal.
Sickle cell anemia
Occurs when abnormal shaped red blood cells that don’t add oxygen to the blood (with hemoglobin).
Can also be fatal.

44. Sex-linked Traits Are traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Sex-linked Traits
Are traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are X and Y
XX genotype for females
XY genotype for males
Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome
copyright cmassengale

45. Sex-linked disorders….
Females have two “X” chromosomes. One is used as a back-up gene in case the other becomes damaged.
Males have only one copy of each gene on their one “X” chromosome. The other gene is a “Y” chromosome.
The genes for certain sex- linked disorders, are carried on the X chromosome. Men are more likely to have sex- linked disorders than women, because the gene is recessive.

46. Color Blindnesss….
Color blindness is an example of a “sex- linked” disorder.
People who are color blind have trouble distinguishing between shades of red and green.
To help the colorblind, some cities have added shapes to their street lights.

47. Hemophilia --Hemophilia is another example of a sex-linked disorder.
It prevents blood from clotting, and people with hemophilia bleed for a long time after small cuts.
Hemophilia can be fatal!!!!
If people worry they might pass a disease to their children, they may seek genetic counseling.

48. Pedigree Charts…
A pedigree chart is a tool for tracing a trait through generations of a family. It is used to predict if a person is a carrier of a particular disease (or trait).
You can even use a pedigree chart to trace how you inherited your hair color.

49. How to read a pedigree chart….
Vertical lines connect children to their parents.
A solid square or circle indicates a person has a certain trait.
A half-shaded circle indicates a person is a “carrier” of the trait.
Not shaded: they don’t have nor carry the recessive trait (homozygous dominant, TT)
SQUARES= MALES
CIRCLES= FEMALES

50. Examine the chart below: Was this a “sex-linked” trait?
Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Examine the chart below: Was this a “sex-linked” trait?
Yes, since it only occurred in the male…..
copyright cmassengale

51. Mendelian Genetics
7/3/2018
Yes, In this case the females were only “carriers”, but a male actually had it…
copyright cmassengale

52. Possibilities What if? Both parents are homozygous dominant?
If at least one parent is recessive for the trait?
Both parents are homozygous recessive?
- They can’t pass the disorder to their children
- Their children have to be a carrier for the trait (tt x TT
or tt x Tt)
- Their children will be homozygous recessive too 52

53. Bell Work
*What are the two most important things to remember about pedigree charts? Explain your reasoning.

54. Bell Work G B
Item Sampler 1 #18…G
Item Sampler 1 #17…B