1. Outcomes and influences
Shifts
Outcomes and influences

2. CapitalismHypercapitalism
Commercialization (commodification)
- determined by production and exchange
- part of the accumulation and profit-making process
- its expansion changing the nature of capitalism (hence, its impact on globalization)

3. Production Planetary growth of traditional industrial sectors:
- postindustrial society implying redirection from agriculture and heavy industry to ”information economy”
- towards a culture of consumerism
- financial services as commodities/goods (traditional bond/share supplemented by ”floating-rate bonds, bonds with equity warrants, zero-coupon bonds, commercial paper, repurchase agreements, asset-backed securities and so on” [Scholte 166])
- information (software, services); genetic capital (GM foods)

4. New organizations Offshore centres Multinationals
Increasing mergers and acquisitions
Increasing monopolies?
Overall consequence: capitalism not only cause but also consequence of globalizatioin

5. StatismPolycentrism
(Partial) shift to municipal, provincial, national, macro-regional and global levels of regulation
”New medievalism”
Post/Westphalian types of sovereignty rendered (partly) obsolete by supraterritorial information, financial, cultural flows

6. Caveats Not the end of state power
The role of stronger states (relevance of political realism)
Fragmentation of states: the difficulties experience/caused by smaller states

7. Global ”constituencies”
Ambiguous policies resulting from national and transnational interests (i.e., Danish, German and Swedish governments joining environmentalist protests against Shell’s plan to sink Brent Spar in the Atlantic in 1995)
Diverging policies on welfare (the impact of neoliberalism)
Warfare (9/11; the impact of new technology)
Transstate relations determining polycentrism (G7/8)

8. Bypassing the centre
The (commercial, diplomatic, cultural) autonomy of regions
- example: federal states in Brazil and India dealing directly with the World Bank
Western Europe’s ”Four Motors’” network linking Baden-Württemberg, Catalonia, Lombardy and Rhône-Alpes
EU (macro-regional governance)
Transworld governance: UN, WTO, IMF, World Bank (target of protests, as well); NATO’s bombing of Serbia to protect Kosovo; Hague Tribunal (Milosevic)

9. Legitimacy, norms and privatized governance
Sources of legitimacy in global governance as opposed to those in traditional states
Company-based codes; ”corporate citizenship”
Humanitarian aid (Save the Children, UNHCR)
Civil society in a global world (addressing transplanetary problems: arms control, asylum seekers, climate change, debt relief, gender equality, etc)

10. NationalismHybridization
Alternative forms of identity; no longer only national
Yet, nationalism still persistent; micro-nations (see fragmentation of states)
Region-nations: Pan-African, Pan-Arab, Pan-Asian, Pan-European movements (religious, cultural, political criteria)
Transworld nations: diasporas (exile); the example of Chile, the 13th region

11. Non-territorial identities
Human (environment, human rights); global relief campaign; solidarity
Religion (in an increasingly secularized world?)
Social class
Gender (rights, interests)
Race (shared social experiences); the Non-Aligned Movement; Third World solidarity of the 1960s & 1970s
Youth
Sexual orientation

12. Increasingly mixed identities
Communitarian approaches to shape solidarity are problematic
Contradictory developments: increased hybridization; the return of nationalism