1. Warm up
Explain this statement: “Americans have a love-hate relationship with their government

2. Correct/review…now what??
Graduation exam
Correct/review…now what??

3. …and why is it necessary?
What is government?
…and why is it necessary?

4. Government: Theoretical Framework
Government: the institutions that make public policy decisions for a society.
Fundamental question: How should we govern?
What should the relationship between government and the governed look like?

5. We The People, Lesson 1 Read “Purpose of the Lesson” (p. 2)
Make note of the “Terms to Know”. You will be expected to know these terms.

6. What Would Life Be Like In a State of Nature?
Critical Thinking Ex.
Read pp. 2-4
Respond (in writing) to the “What do you think” questions (2-4) on p.5
Does the right to Life Liberty and Property include the right to education and health care? What would the founders say?

7. What Would Life Be Like In a State of Nature?
Read pp. 5, 6
Respond (in writing) to the “What do you think” questions (1-4) on p.6
Iron Fist “Yahoo answers”
“Would Iraq be stable with an iron-fist leader
like Saddam Hussein?”
Answer: “A stable nation, any stable nation,
does not require an iron-fist to rule. That being
said, all those countries in that area -- Iraq,
Iran, Afghanistan and all the other "Stans" –
will never be democratized simply because
there are too many tribal, ethnic, and religious
differences. An iron-fist is needed to maintain order
and, unfortunately, some people have to be "dealt
with accordingly" to suppress dissent against the
regime that keeps that order. “
Do you agree/disagree??

8. Reviewing and using the Lesson 1-5 on page 6 and…
Be sure you can define/discuss the following:
State of Nature
Natural Law
Social Contract
Consent of the governed

9. Lesson 1 - Main ideas
All people are equal with equal rights to life liberty and property (natural rights theory)
Government is necessary to protect those rights.
Government gets the authority to protect rights through the consent of the governed. (social contract)

10. We The People, Lesson 2 Read “Purpose of the Lesson” (p. 7)
Make note of the “Terms to Know”. You will be expected to know these terms.
What is the main purpose of government?
How should government get the authority or right to make laws?
What should people have the right to do if their government does not serve the people in the way they intended?

11. How Does Government Secure Natural Rights?
Read pp. 7-9 and respond to the following:
1. What is a Constitution?
2. What is a Constitutional government?
3. Respond (in writing) to the “What do you think?” questions (1-3) on p. 9.

12. How Does Government Secure Natural Rights?
Critical Thinking Disc. p.10
Read pp. 9-12
Respond (in writing) to the “What do you think?” questions (1-3) on p. 12.

13. How Does Government Secure Natural Rights?
Small group
Read/discuss 1-5, “Reviewing and Using the Lesson, on page 12.
Make note of any questions you have or of any of the content that is still unclear.

14. Lesson 3: Republican Government
What’s the difference??? Republic vs. Democracy
What are the advantages of a small republic?
Read pp
Respond:
Describe the concepts of civic virtue and moral education in your own words.
Explain why small, uniform communities were seen as an essential condition for a republic.

15. What government is best?
Read on p. 16, “How did the founders think a government should be organized to promote the common good?
* What did Montesquieu mean by divided and balanced? Why did he believe this was the best solution?
* What is mixed government?
* Did Montesquieu contribute anything to our system???

16. Warm up: Sanders opinion piece
T-Chart:
Arguments for
Arguments against

17. Final Reading…pp
“What do you think”, #1-3, p.18

18. Critical Thinking: Compare and Contrast
Natural Rights Philosophy
Classical Republicanism
Stressed the right of the individual to life, liberty and property
Stressed that human nature is such that individual behavior is motivated by self-interest.
Stressed that society is a collection of individuals, each sharing the same right to pursue his or her own welfare.
Stressed that peoples opportunities should not be limited by the situation or group into which they are born.
Stressed that the main purpose of government should be to protect natural rights. The State existed to serve the interests of the individual.
To preserve natural rights, governments guarantee specific rights, such as civil rights (freedom of conscience and privacy) and political rights (vote, run for office.)
Stressed promotion of the common good above the rights of the individual.
Stressed that individuals should be motivated by civic virtue
Limited individual rights to privacy, belief, expression, and opportunities to read, think and earn money. People must be dedicated to the common good…not self-interest
Discouraged diversity of beliefs, wealth and ways of life. People were expected to know their place in the community.
The State exists to promote the common good…not individual interests. Stressed avoiding the formation of factions or interest groups that might endanger the common good.
Stressed the importance of political rights such as voting and serving in public office.

19. Problems with a Republic?
Small homogenous communities??
The diversity of America…Wealth, Religion, Culture
Reconciling capitalism with republicanism…stratification of society

20. Madison and Republicanism
“If men were angels there would be no need for government…”Expand the sphere…”
James Madison, Federalist 10
Democracy only works in small settings
A republic uses representatives…allows extension of the people’s will over a large area
Representative Democracy???
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
What becomes of “civic virtue” when a Republic is used to govern a large, diverse country?

21. Ten terms for Federalist Ten
Propensity
Vice
Specious declamations
Obviated
Erroneously
Expedient
Insuperable
Desideratum
Opprobrium
efficacy
OK…Twelve terms
Faction
Populargovernment

22. Federalist 10: Prepare disc. Questions below for Friday
Discussion Questions
What does Madison mean by “faction?” What is the danger of faction in a democracy?
What are the causes of faction? Can factions be eliminated? (p.31, Column 2, Par 3, 4)
“To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed.” (p. 32, column 2, Par. 3)
What is “popular government?”
What fundamental problem does Madison point out in this passage?
What are the two key differences between a democracy and a republic? (p. 33, Col. 1, Par. 2)
Madison asserts that a Republic will dictate a certain duty for legislators (p. 33, Col. 1, Par. 3) what is that duty? What effect will this have on the power of faction/extreme views?
What does Madison mean by “”extend the sphere?” ((p.33, col. 2, Par. 1)
At what level of government is faction more likely to gain control of government, state or national? What safeguards would you put in place to mitigate the effects of faction at that level?
Due on Friday

23. Respond to the Critical Thinking Questions at the end of the article.
Group Task
Respond to the Critical Thinking Questions at the end of the article.

24. Federalist 10: Reflection
What is the most important idea to take away from Federalist 10? Explain.
Characteristics of legislators in a Republic??
For Monday: Federalist 51, 1-5

25. Federalist 51: Respond to Critical Thinking 1-5 at the end of the article
Reading “dissection….”
Paragraphs :
Intro: How and why did we separate powers in the Constitution?
Authority comes from the people
Executive and Legislative branches
Rationale for separation of powers
Why is the judicial branch appointed instead of elected?
Should not depend on the other branches for their pay
4, 5. Rational for separation of powers
6. Power of the legislative…divided in two. Weakness of the Executive and rationale for the veto.
7. We don’t “perfectly” separate powers in the central govt….but neither do the states.
8. Added protection of the federal system
9. Extend the sphere to protect against faction in a democracy.

26. Federalist 51: Respond to Critical Thinking 1-5 at the end of the article
Explain the rationale for what has come to be called, “separation of powers.”
Federalist 51 argues that members of one branch should not be involved in the selection of members of another branch. Why, according to Federalist 51, is a “deviation” from this principle warranted in the case of the judiciary?
According to Madison, why is a system of independent “departments” (that is, branches) of government with separate powers necessary?
Which branch does Madison believe will be predominant? How does the structure of government outlined in the proposed Constitution minimize or remedy the problem of that one branch being too powerful?
Explain what is meant by calling the United States a “compound republic” and summarize the advantages of being a “compound republic.” FEDERALISM…10th Amendment

27. Federalist 51: Reflection
What are the most important ideas to take away from Federalist 51?

28. Madison’s Representative Democracy
Direct democracy only works at the small scale (i.e., local level). A republic would allow government to be extended over a larger area.
Representatives would come from the “whole people”…i.e., the diverse community of people throughout the country. In that way, the right to govern comes from the people (popular sovereignty, social contract.)
The Power of Faction is countered by a large divers country….No one group can gain control therefore all groups must compromise in the best interest of the nation. (Pluralism vs. Elitism)
Civic virtue will arise through the pursuit of self-interest.
Government must be structured in a way that guards against the corruption of power.
“Blended powers are necessary for checks on the powers of each branch of government.
Separation of powers checks and balances

29. Review
Small group
Review Lessons 1-3 (Reviewing and using the lesson, pp. 6, 12, and 18)
Make note of any questions you have or of any of the content that is still unclear.
3. Review the purpose of the lesson and terms to know, pp , 7 and 13
4. Review the main ideas from Federalist 10 and 51
Quiz Tomorrow: We The People Lessons 1-3, Federalist 10 and 51

30. Back to the Beginning Government–We the People
The Need for Government: Thomas Hobbes: Insecurity in the State of Nature
Basic Powers of Government: What is the Purpose - Locke
Government as Human Invention: Madison’s Federalist 10 and 51

31. Review: What Is Government? What Should it look like?
Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.

32. What should government do? Straight to the Source (12)
Explain how the language of the preamble reflects the idea of the Social Contract

33. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

34. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

35. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

36. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

37. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

38. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

39. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

40. The Purpose of Government What Should It Be?
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

41. The State
The state has developed from major political ideas in history. The state can be defined as a body of people, living in a defined territory, organized politically (that is, with a government), and with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.

42. The State
According to the U.S. Census Bureau projections, by 2044, no group will constitute a majority. This growing diversity is most apparent in large cities, where population is concentrated.

43. The State
Sovereignty is one of the four characteristics possessed by every state in the world.Analyze Maps How many sovereign states are in the United States?

44. What Is a State?
Challenges??

45. The State Thinking Question…
Population
Territory
Sovereignty
Government
Thinking Question…
Every state in the world has four characteristics.
How does the sovereignty of a State in the U.S. compare to the national sovereignty of the U.S. as a whole?

46. How States Arose
For centuries, historians, philosophers, and others have pondered the question of the origin of the state. What major political ideas in history resulted in the emergence of states?

47. Origins of the State: Central Question – How do governments form?
the Force Theoryorce Theory
The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.

48. Study guide Review
Quiz