1. Life Cycle Buildings, Demolition and Recycling Potential : A Case in Turin, Italy
도시건축학부 건축공학과 김병훈

2. CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction Methodology
LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling 3
Inventory analysis 4
Impact assessment and interpretation of the results 5
Conclusions 6
발표는 서론, 이론적 고찰, 건설폐기물의 관리요인 분석, 결론 순으로 진행하겠습니다.

3. 1. Introduction
One of the most challenging issues presently worrying policy-markers and public administrators in Italy is to decide how to dispose of waste materials from building dismantling activities whose quantities are becoming greater and greater
Recycling strategies have in fact been criticised because of their environmental impacts which sometimes exceed the environmental benefits.
The paper presents the results of a research programme that was focused on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a residential building, located in Turin, which was demolished
The overall objective of the research was to compare alternative waste disposal scenarios, understand where resource use and environmental impacts are concentrated and address strategies for improvements.
다음은 2장, 이론적 고찰입니다.

4. 2. Methodology
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has been used to obtain a comprehensive energetic and environmental picture relevant
According to ISO14040, an LCA comprises four major stages: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact analysis and interpretation of the results
According to ISO14042, the general framework of an LCIA method is composed of mandatory elements (classification and characterisation) that convert LCI results into an indicator for each impact category, and optional elements (normalisation and weighting)
LCIA phase was initially focused on the characterisation step and thus the following six indicators were considered :
- "주변 사물, 상태 또는 영향의 집합체"

5. 2. Methodology
GER (Gross Energy Requirement) as an indicator relevant to the total primary energy resource consumption (direct + indirect + feedstock) according to Boustead and Hancock;
GWP100 (Global Warming Potential) as an indicator relevant to the greenhouse effect according to IPCC [23];
ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) as an indicator relevant to the stratospheric ozone depletion phenomenon;
AP (Acidification Potential) as an indicator relevant to the acid rain phenomenon;
EP (Eutrophication Potential) as an indicator relevant to surface water eutrophication;
POCP (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential) as an indicator of photo-smog creation.
- "주변 사물, 상태 또는 영향의 집합체"

6. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
The present LCA study deals with a residential block of flats located in Via Fratelli Garrone, Turin, Italy (Fig. 1 and Table 1)
The building was erected by Recchi SpA in 1965 and demolished at the end of the year 2004 after 40 years of lifetime
The main objectives relevant to the present research include:

7. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
The present LCA study deals with a residential block of flats located in Via Fratelli Garrone, Turin, Italy (Fig. 1 and Table 1)
The building was erected by Recchi SpA in 1965 and demolished at the end of the year 2004 after 40 years of lifetime
The main objectives relevant to the present research include:

8. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
The present LCA study deals with a residential block of flats located in Via Fratelli Garrone, Turin, Italy (Fig. 1 and Table 1)
The building was erected by Recchi SpA in 1965 and demolished at the end of the year 2004 after 40 years of lifetime
The main objectives relevant to the present research include:

9. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
Analysis the relative contribution of life phases to the overall energy consumption and environmental impacts of an existing residential block of flats
Analysis the relative contributions of building materials to the pre-use phase impacts
Identifying environmental impacts and benefits relevant to demolition and rubble recycling
Assessing opportunities for alternative end-of-life scenarios
Assessing the actual recycling potential of building materials in a life cycle perspective

10. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
3.1 Functional unit
Frequently adopted functional unit is the unitary internal-usable floor area, sometimes with reference to the whole building life span and sometimes with reference to 1 year
However, in some cases, the reference unit is chosen as a single flat, considered as a living unit, or might even refer to the number of occupants living inside the building
All This Considered, the adopted functional unit in the present case-study is 1m² net floor area, over a period of 1year

11. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
3.2 System boundaries
Three distinct phases: pre-use, use and end-of-life were included in the model
(Fig. 2)
Data for the LCA model were retrieved from different sources, as reported
in Table 2
The pre-use phase consists of the manufacturing and transportation of building materials, as well as the erection of the building envelope
Therefore, in order to complete the model, inventory data relevant to the most important building materials were included.

12. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
3.2 System boundaries
Three distinct phases: pre-use, use and end-of-life were included in the model
(Fig. 2)
Data for the LCA model were retrieved from different sources, as reported
in Table 2
The pre-use phase consists of the manufacturing and transportation of building materials, as well as the erection of the building envelope
Therefore, in order to complete the model, inventory data relevant to the most important building materials were included.

13. 3. LCA application to demolition and rubble recycling
3.2 System boundaries
The use phase encompasses all activities related to theme of the house,over the 40year life span.
As the last step,the end-of-life phase inventories the demolishing of the building shell and the final disposal waste(Fig. 3)
Field measured data relevant to the dismantling operations were included by encompassing the preliminary operations before blasting, on-site primary treatment of the dismantling products and transportation of the rubble to recycling or landfill facilities
Two Main Groups Of Waste Materials Were Sent For Recycling:

14. 4. Inventory analysis 4.1 The building and its construction phase
In order to systematically detect and quantify the building shell components, 10 subsystems were identified, as shown in Table 3
Table 4 summarises the quantities of the main materials embodied in the shell, the transportation distances and the building waste factors, the latter being adapted from Blanchard and Reppe and Chen et al
The main energetic and environmental characteristics of the cement and concrete used in the LCA model are summarised in Table 5
Fig. 4 shows the relative contribution of the inventoried building materials

15. 4. Inventory analysis 4.1 The building and its construction phase
In order to systematically detect and quantify the building shell components, 10 subsystems were identified, as shown in Table 3
Table 4 summarises the quantities of the main materials embodied in the shell, the transportation distances and the building waste factors, the latter being adapted from Blanchard and Reppe and Chen et al
The main energetic and environmental characteristics of the cement and concrete used in the LCA model are summarised in Table 5
Fig. 4 shows the relative contribution of the inventoried building materials

16. 4. Inventory analysis 4.1 The building and its construction phase
In order to systematically detect and quantify the building shell components, 10 subsystems were identified, as shown in Table 3
Table 4 summarises the quantities of the main materials embodied in the shell, the transportation distances and the building waste factors, the latter being adapted from Blanchard and Reppe and Chen et al
The main energetic and environmental characteristics of the cement and concrete used in the LCA model are summarised in Table 5
Fig. 4 shows the relative contribution of the inventoried building materials

17. 4. Inventory analysis 4.2 The building use phase
The building use phase was inventoried by considering statistical data according to which the yearly energy consumption of an average Italian residential building is 16.5 kg oil equivalent per square metre

18. 4. Inventory analysis
4.3 The building demolishing and rubble disposal phase
The building under study was demolished using the blasting technique, placing explosive charges on one side of the shell basement
Blast holes (25–35mm diameter) were drilled and charged with explosive cartridges. Pre-blasting operations were carried out over a period of 3 months and were included in the LCA model, as shown in Table 6
Fig 5 shows the sequence of rubble recycling activities, after blast demolition, as they were included in the model (Table 7)

19. 4. Inventory analysis
4.3 The building demolishing and rubble disposal phase
The building under study was demolished using the blasting technique, placing explosive charges on one side of the shell basement
Blast holes (25–35mm diameter) were drilled and charged with explosive cartridges. Pre-blasting operations were carried out over a period of 3 months and were included in the LCA model, as shown in Table 6
Fig 5 shows the sequence of rubble recycling activities, after blast demolition, as they were included in the model (Table 7)

20. 5. Impact assessment and interpretation of the results
The impact assessment phase was carried out, by encompassing both the characterisation and weighting steps, according to the ISO standard
Table 8 summarises the achieved results relevant to the life cycle of the building under study, with reference to the adopted functional unit
In accordance with the objectives outlined in the goal and scope definition phase, the following interpretation steps were carried out

21. 5. Impact assessment and interpretation of the results
5.1 Contribution of construction materials
Fig. 6 shows the relative contribution of the building materials to the impacts relevant to the pre-use phase

22. 5. Impact assessment and interpretation of the results
5.2 Alternative end-of-life scenarios
In order to better understand the magnitude and therefore the relative importance of a proper building end-of-life management, a second disposal scenario was considered, Thus, after blasting demolition and on-site size reduction, the rubble was considered to be entirely land filled
Fig 7 shows the achieved results, the comparison being restricted to the pre-use and end-of-life phases

23. 5. Impact assessment and interpretation of the results
5.3 Analysis of impacts and benefits relevant to demolition and rubble recycling
The results have shown that the end-of-life benefits are quite small in comparison with the whole life cycle, but their relative importance increases when the comparison is restricted to the pre-use phase
Fig 8 shows a comparison between the environmental burdens of the materials embodied in the shell, the impacts relevant to building waste recycling, the gross credits and the recycling potential

24. 5. Impact assessment and interpretation of the results
5.4 Sensitivity analysis
As mentioned in the goal and scope definition step, most of those inventory data considered strategic for the objectives of the research were field measured data
The differences in terms of energy requirement are lower than 8%, in comparison with the baseline model(Fig 9)
The results of the sensitivity analysis clearly show that the uncertainties relevant to the inventory data of building materials are quite tolerable, as far as energy and greenhouse emissions are concerned, but the other indicators are less reliable

25. 6. Conclusions A further important environmental benefit was achieved:
the avoided landfilling of demolition waste, therefore saving capacity of waste dumps
Further research should consider this issue within the LCA analysis by using appropriate quantitative indicators
Furthermore, decay of quality, loss of mass, energy consumption and pollution caused during recycling processes are objective and insurmountable limits to recycling
In order to achieve the best environmental solution and to define the right proportion between the natural and recycled raw materials that are necessary for the economic and social development of mankind, all life cycle phases, must be considered

26. Thank You~
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