1. The Role of Maritime Education and Training in Navigational Competence
Capt. Bill Kavanagh FNI
Cork, 30 April 2014

2. Outline Competence Education Training STCW Challenges
Nautical Institute role
Discussion

3. Problem solving:
What would you do if……………?

4. Competence?
Competence is the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
Oxford Dictionaries (2014)
Competence means keeping your head in a crisis, sticking with a task even when it seems hopeless, and improvising good solutions to tough problems when every second counts. It encompasses ingenuity, determination, and being prepared for anything.
Col. Chris Hadfield, Astronaut (2013)

5. Education
The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.
(Oxford Dictionaries, 2014)
Education includes the development and formation of people to contribute positively to society, including the working environment: e.g. from cadet to master.

6. Education Learning to learn Self-directed learning Responsibilities
Critical thinking
Problem solving
Leadership
Teamwork and collaboration
Underpinning knowledge

7. Training
The action of teaching a person or animal a particular skill or type of behaviour.
(Oxford Dictionaries, 2014)

8. Training Focus is on skills development to a competent level
Practical bias
Uses underpinning knowledge to complete tasks
Can lead to a broad scope of competence
Can lead to inflexibility

9. Education and Training: balance.
Learning must be combination of both
Focussing on training alone narrows the competency scope of the learner
Role of the educator in assessment design is important
Training
Education

10. Learning Learning is a change in behaviour Education intervention
Training instruction
Trial and error
Mistakes

11. Learning event sequence
Unconsciously incompetent
Stage 1
Consciously incompetent
Stage 2
Consciously competent
Stage 3
Which is most relevant for bridge personnel?
Stage 4
Unconsciously competent

12. STCW: Operational views
Standards of Training and Certification of Watchkeepers
Competence: knowledge, skills and attitude
How is competency assessed?

13. STCW Table example (STCW, 2010)
Competence
Knowledge, understanding
and proficiency
Methods for
demonstrating
competence
Criteria for
evaluating competence
Manoeuvre the
ship
Ship manoeuvring and
handling
Knowledge of:
.1 the effects of deadweight,
draught, trim, speed and
under-keel clearance on
turning circles and
stopping distances
.2 the effects of wind and
current on ship handling
.3 manoeuvres and
procedures for the rescue
of person overboard
.4 squat, shallow-water and
similar effects
.5 proper procedures for
anchoring and mooring
Examination and
assessment of evidence
obtained from one or
more of the following:
.1 approved in-service
experience
.2 approved training ship
.3 approved simulator
training, where
appropriate
.4 approved training on
a manned scale ship
model, where appropriate
Safe operating limits of ship
propulsion, steering and power
systems are not exceeded in
normal manoeuvres
Adjustments made to the ship’s
course and speed maintain
safety of navigation
Min. standard of competence for OOW 500 GT+

14. Merchant shipping training and education ‘apprenticeship’ model
Theoretical education supported by ship simulation and practical seamanship
Training during work placement: experiential learning
Balanced training and education programme prior to initial certification
Balanced training and education courses for further senior certification

15. Challenges ahead Differing standards of competence Quality assurance
Economic pressures
Role of EMSA/IMO
Anecdotes from pilots

16. How can the Nautical Institute continue contribute to navigational competence?
Information
Seminars
Seafarers’ experiences
NI web site
Seaways: relevant articles
Seaways: Marine Accident Reporting Scheme (MARS)

17. Conclusions
A broad scope of competency is required in safety critical operations
Excellent education and training supports competency
STCW is the minimum level and must be exceeded