1. Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

2. All macromolecules contain:
carbon
They are also considered ORGANIC molecules
hydrogen
oxygen
Some contain:
nitrogen
phosphorus
iron
sulfur

3. Where would you find iron in a macromolecule?

4. Where would you find sulfur in a macromolecule?

5. Ways to portray molecules:
C6H12O6
space filling model
chemical formula
ball and stick model
structural model

6. carbohydrates

7. carbohydrates can be classified as simple or complex
sugars
polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides

8. Carbohydrates are only composed of:
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…right?
You are right! There is one exception

9. chitin

10. Why is carbon always present in macromolecules?

11. monosaccharides
C6H12O6

13. There are TWO forms of GLUCOSE!

14. Disaccharides include:
lactose
GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE
maltose
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
sucrose
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

15. disaccharides occur when two monosaccharides bond together

16. Dehydration synthesis puts them together

17. Hydrolysis takes them apart

18. What do you call the individual units that make up a polymer?
Polysaccharides occur when long chains of sugars form bonds (a polymer is any molecule of repeating units)
What do you call the individual units that make up a polymer?
Monomers

19. Polysaccharides are not just single lines, but numerous lines bonded together. What kind of bond holds these lines together? ?

20. Polysaccharides occur when monosaccharides connect in long chains
Polysaccharides occur when monosaccharides connect in long chains. They include:
glycogen
starch
cellulose
chitin

21. Their functions vary: glycogen starch cellulose chitin
Energy storage in animals
Energy storage in plants
cellulose
chitin
Structural support in plants
Structural support in animals

22. Even though we eat a lot of it, we can’t digest cellulose
Dietary fiber

23. Eat your fiber and avoid diverticulosis

24. fats

25. This is a fairly abstract model, but it’s quite clear
This is a fairly abstract model, but it’s quite clear. Name the components:
glycerol 1.
oxygen atom 2.
fatty acid chain 3.

26. Fats / lipids include:
Phospholipids

27. These are just the fatty acid chains (no glycerol is added)
WHAT ARE THESE RED SECTIONS?
CARBOXYL
GROUPS

28. This is a fatty acid chain
This is a fatty acid chain. Make three of these, but only 5 carbons long…plus the carboxyl (so it’s actually 6 carbons)

32. The advantage of lipids?

33. Lipids made of joined rings
cholesterol

34. estrogen
testosterone

35. proteins

36. Protein Structure

37. Proteins are composed of a chain (polymer) of AMINO ACIDS.?
The chain can be a simple string of pearls
This is the primary structure

39. Amino acids include:

40. The variable side group that determines the identity of the amino acid
Proteins are composed of amino acids, which always have these components: 4.
The variable side group that determines the identity of the amino acid
amino group
carboxyl (acid) group 1. 2. 3.
A hydrogen atom

41. How do amino acids like these…
Become a long molecule like this?

43. Primary structure

44. If the primary structure spirals, it’s now the secondary structure.

45. There are three types of secondary structure:

46. ?
What’s the third one?

47. If it begins to fold over onto itself, it now becomes the tertiary structure.

48. If it incorporates one or more other proteins, it becomes the quaternary structure.

49. Sometimes it’s very confusing to look at
I DON’T GET IT!

52. Types of Proteins

54. keratin

55. Transmembrane proteins

57. collagen

58. Insulin

59. silk

60. Nucleic Acids

63. The monomers of Nucleic Acids are called NUCLEOTIDES.
Each nucleotide has these three components

65. The rungs are composed of nitrogen base pairs