1. Get warm up off table by phone

2. Write everything that is underlined
Ecosystem “Cycles”
Write everything that is underlined

3. Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems

4. KEY CONCEPT: Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.
All materials that cycle through living organisms are important in maintaining the health of ecosystems; but four elements are particularly important: water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

5. Earth system has four parts
Atmosphere - Lithosphere
Hydrosphere Biosphere
chemical elements are required by life from the living and nonliving parts of the environment.
Abiotic and biotic processes drive these cycles between the different parts of the Earth.
Each compound (water, carbon, nitrogen) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth System

7. Biogeochemical Cycles
The paths of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pass from the nonliving environment to living organisms; such as trees, and than back to the nonliving environment.
These paths form closed circuits, or cycles, called biogeochemical cycles.

8. I. The Water Cycle 1. The hydrologic, or water cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth.
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
water storage
in ocean
surface
runoff
lake
groundwater
seepage

9. salt water = 97.5% freshwater = 2.5% ice caps lakes, oceans ground-
and
glaciers
1.97%
ground-
water
0.5%
lakes,
rivers,
and soil
0.03%
atmosphere
0.001%
Figure: FG30-05
Title:
Earth's water.
Caption:
Although there is a tremendous amount of water on our planet, only a small fraction of it is available to us as freshwater.

10. Water Cycle
Water has the greatest influence on the ecosystem’s inhabitants.
In this cycle water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation (snow or rain).
Some of this water seeps into Earth’s surface (infiltration) and becomes part of groundwater, which is water retained beneath the surface of the Earth.

11. Water Cycle
Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface.
Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation.
Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants.
After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

12. Water Cycle
Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface.
Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation.
Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants.
After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

14. 2. Key terms for the water cycle:
Precipitation: moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor)
Transpiration: plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air
Condensation: changing from gas to a liquid (little water droplets form on the outside of a cold glass of lemonade - that’s condensation)

15. Carbon Cycle: Remember photosynthesis and respiration both involve CO2 (now we’re looking at the C for carbon)
fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
decomposition
of organisms
respiration
carbon
dioxide
in air
combustion

16. Carbon is the building block of life.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the building block of life.
Carbon like water also cycles between the biotic and abiotic factors.
This cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and then returns it to the atmosphere.

17. Carbon dioxide in the air
Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide in the air
or dissolved in water is
used by photosynthesizing
plants, algae, and bacteria
as a raw material to build
organic molecules.
Carbon atoms may return to
the pool of carbon dioxide in
the air and water in four ways
Respiration
Combustion
Decomposition
Erosion

18. Detritivores (soil microbes and others)
Carbon Cycle
Respiration - Organisms use oxygen and C6H12O6 (glucose) during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is a product of this reaction.
Combustion- Carbon is released when wood or fossil fuel is burned
Decomposition –Organic tissue and waste are broken down by decomposer and releases carbon in the soil
CO2 in
atmosphere
Cellular respiration
Plants, algae, bacteria
Burning
Photosynthesis
Higher
level consumers
Wood
and fossil fuels
Primary consumers
Decomposition
Detritivores (soil microbes and others)
Decomposers

19. Erosion: The Carbon Cycle: Carbon cycle
Marine organisms use carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water to make calcium carbonate shells.
Over millions of years, the shells of dead organisms form sediments, which form limestone.
As the limestone becomes exposed and erodes, the carbon becomes available to other organisms.
Carbon cycle

21. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen (N) is an essential constituent of protein, DNA, RNA, and chlorophyll.
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen must be fixed or converted into a usable form.

22. Nitrogen is plentiful in the atmosphere as N2
But plants and animals cannot use N2
Some bacteria in soil and legume root nodules convert N2 to compounds that plants can use:
ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–)
hydrogen to form ammonia.
Nitrogen cycle

23. Shoot
Legumes and certain other plants have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Nodules
Roots
Figure 32.14A

24. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
ATMOSPHERE N2
Amino acids N2
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
NH4+
Soil
NH4+ (ammonium)
NO3– (nitrate)
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonifying bacteria
Organic material
Root
Figure 32.13

25. The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.
Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation.
nitrogen in
atmosphere
animals
denitrifying
bacteria
nitrifying
ammonium
ammonification
decomposers
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in soil
bacteria in roots
nitrates
nitrites
Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil.

26. Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.
Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium.
Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.
nitrogen in
atmosphere
animals
denitrifying
bacteria
nitrifying
ammonium
ammonification
decomposers
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in soil
bacteria in roots
nitrates
nitrites
Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.

27. Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks.
V. Phosphate Cycle
Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks.
Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments.
Both mining and agriculture add phosphorus into the environment.
geologic uplifting
rain
weathering of
phosphate from rocks
runoff
sedimentation
forms new rocks
leaching
phosphate in solution
animals
plants
decomposers
phosphate
in soil

29. Activity
Draw, label, color, and explain the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles on a sheet of paper.
Page figure & 13.15
Due tomorrow

30. II. Oxygen Cycle:
1. Plants make food by photosynthesis
They use carbon dioxide (CO2) to make oxygen (O2)
2. Animals breathe out carbon by respiration
They use oxygen (O2) and breathe out carbon dioxide (CO2)
By the way … humans are animals too

31. Example: Oxygen Cycle:
respiration
carbon
dioxide
photosynthesis

32. Review Questions 13.5 Cycling of Matter
What is the key concept of this unit?
Define the key terms for the water cycle.
What do plants take in and then give out. What do animals take in and give out?
How does the carbon cycle move carbon?
Where is carbon emitted?
Where does the nitrogen cycle take place
What are phosphates released by?