1. Lesson 3 Scientific Breakthroughs

2. warm up :
A little quiz

3. He proved the Theory of Gravity to be true.
Isaac Newton， ，British physical scientist、astronomer and mathematician，born in Lincolnshire.

4. He was British who was living in 18th century
He was British who was living in 18th century. He invented an advanced steam engine which was the last straw of the First Industry Revolution in western countries.

5. He was born in Scotland in 1847
He was born in Scotland in He immigrated into the USA at the age of 24 and later became a America citizen.He was the inventor of telephone.

6. 贝尔(Bell,
Alexander Graham)（1847～1922）

7. Albert Einstein
Among the several important discoveries made in his life, the greatest is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. He also discovered famous mathematical statement e=mc
(energy equals mass times the speed of light squared).
This statement or formula explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter.

8. Wright Brothers On December 17th, 1903, they made the world's
first flight in a machine that was heavier
than air and powered by an engine.

9. The designer of ENIAC, the first commercial computer made in the United States
American physicist John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
这是美国军方(navy)要求宾州大学莫奇来（Mauchly）博士和他的学生爱克特（Eckert）设计的，准备用来计算炮弹及火箭、导弹(missiles) 的弹道，它最终在原子弹的研制中发挥了极大的作用。

10. Scottish biochemist
February 14, Fleming Discovers Penicillin. Sir Alexander Fleming was a young bacteriologist when an accidental discovery led to one of the great developments of modern medicine.

11. American astronomer. He changed our ideas about the universe and how it developed. In the late Nineteen-Twenties, his study lead to the most important astronomical discovery of the Twentieth century -- the expanding universe. And he proved that nebulae were galaxies themselves. Astronomers now agree that far distant galaxies do exist.
Edwin Hubble

12. Reading practice for general idea
Reading Strategy (1):
First read the text to get the general idea. Go through the whole text, don’t worry about some new word , you don’t need to understand every word exactly. Just work out the subject and the main idea.

13. Ex2.Try to match the discoveries with how they were discovered?
1.The equation e=mc
2.Penicillin
3.The first computer
4.Other galaxies
a)Scientists worked
together as a team
b)There was a lucky accident accident
c)A scientist did research for many years
d)A scientist was inspired

14. The purpose of this article is ____.
the introduction of the Wright Brothers
the introduction of the process of scientific breakthrough
introduction of the major scientific discoveries in the 20th century
the contributions scientists made to the world

15. Match the pioneers with the deeds
They were specialist in the area of bicycle-repair,but they were interested in aircraft. They made great contributions to the development of aircraft.
He is aware of recent developments, but he has been working on his own. He showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length is constant.
The Wright brothers
Elbert Einstein

16. Together with their team
He proved that the universe is actually expanding, and that further away galaxies are, the faster they move.
He was a son of a Scottish shepherd . HEe discovered penicillin. Although his discovery is important, he remained modest.
During the 2nd world war, the US Navy turned to them to produce a machine. They didn’t finish until after the war, in February 1946.
Edwin Hubble
Alexander Fleming
Eckert and Mauchly
Together with their team

17. Reading for specific information
Reading Strategy (2)
Read the questions /statements and identify important words.
Find the relevant part of the text and identify the important words
Decide if the important words in the question/statement express the same meaning
Base your decision only on the information in the text.

18. Use the strategies to help you
Exs 4: Are these statements true or false according to the text or is there no information?
Work in groups to use the strategies to work out the problems.

19. 1.Orville Wright made the first and longest flight on 17 December, 1903.
2. A bicycle-repair company made the money used in the Wright brother’s flying
experiments. F
On December 17,1903, Orville made the first flight in their plane, the Flyer 1, and he flew 39 metres in 12 seconds. T
The brothers used the company to support their flying machine research and experiments.

20. F T F 3. Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “e=mc ”.
4. Einstein participated in the programme that developed the nuclear bomb.
5.Einstein observed changes in time, size and mass. F
While rocking his one-year-old baby, he thought sth
Over. Suddenly, the equation came to him. T
The equation also help to create the nuclear bomb. F
Einstein then showed in his “theory or relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant.

21. NI T NI F T 6. Hubble studied the universe for over twenty years.
7. Hubble discovered that our galaxy is bigger than we thought it was.
8. Fleming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened.
9. There was a blue mould around the bacteria in the dish.
10. Fleming developed the process for making penicillin. NI T
The universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought. NI F T

22. T NI 11. The first computer project failed to meet its original goal.
12. The first computer was extremely difficult to program. T
Although they and their team did not finish the machine until after the war. NI

23. While Albert Einstein was rocking his one-year-old baby, he _______.
was aware of recent scientific developments.
thought over Marie Curie’s research.
he showed that not even time, mass or length are constant.
came up with the famous “ theory of relativity”

24. Vocabulary:
Compound Words

25. Exs 5. Match the categories (a-e) with the examples from the text (1-5) . Then add examples of your own.
compound n one-year-old; world-famous;
(n.+n.) far-reaching
b) compound v breakthrough; outcome
c) Compound adj mass-produce;double-chest
d) compound n flying machine;
(adj.+n.) nuclear bomb
e) compound n CD player; jet engine
(v.+prep.)

26. Useful expressions 仔细考虑，慎重思考 think over 被想出
意识到
越。。。越。。。
向—求助
think over
Sth comes to sb 〖no passive〗
be aware of
the more, the more
turn to sb / sth

27. Discussion
It is predicted（预言） that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. What do you think will be the 5 scientific breakthroughs and how will they influence our life? Have a discussion and voice your opinion.

28. 5 Scientific Breakthroughs in the 21st Century

29. 1. We’ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist
1. We’ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is there something instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe is expanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the time it was a fraction of a second old to the present. We will have a better understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures and pressures of the early universe.

30. 2. We’ll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer
2. We’ll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work at the molecular 10 level, many serious diseases----cancer, for one----will become less threatening. Using manufactured “therapeutic” viruses , doctors will be able to replace cancer ---- causing damaged DNA with healthy genes , probably administered by a pill or injection.

31. 3. We'll live longer (120 years. )
3. We'll live longer (120 years?). 21st– century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live in a world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold only so many people? Were would new ideas come from? What would we do with all that extra time?

32. 4. We’ll “manage” Earth. In the next millennium, we’ll stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. We’ll gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth, its climate and its ecosystems.

33. 5. We’ll have a brain “road map”
5. We’ll have a brain “road map”. Early in the next century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance21 imaging to produce detailed maps of the neurons in operation. We’ll be able to say with certainty which ones are working when you read a word, when you say a word, why you think about a word, and so on.