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Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Extreme Matter in the Universe
B. Kämpfer Indian Summer School 2011 Extreme Matter in the Universe (part 3)
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LHC at CERN: searching Higgs, SUSY, the unknown
SM: masses of quarks & part of leptons (e.g., e-) P. Higgs 1964
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Mystery of Mass
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LHC at CERN: investigating the quark-gluon plasma
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Rel. Heavy-Ion Colls.: RHIC & LHC
hydro applies: Frankfurt HIC group
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Thermal Model at Work chemical freeze-out densities ratios
adjust to data Andronic et al
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Chemical Freeze-Out Systematics
PBM, Stachel,
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Particles vs. Antiparticles
post- and pre-dictions Andronic et al
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Blast Wave Fits kinetic freeze-out chem. f.o. fit of pT spectra
by T and v ALICE BK 1996
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Fluid Dynamics for urHICs
t present day standard tool: 3. kinetics (transport model) 2. hydrodynamics 1. kinetics (transport model) mid rapidity hydro: hadron gas hadronization chemical f.o. weak decays preequilibrium hydro: sQGP first contact kinetic f.o. x t free stream ? fluid free stream
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Milne Coordinates Bjorken flow: Bjorken symmetry: Gubser flow:
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Bjorken Flow Milne cordinates Bjorken symmetry
EoS in conformal limit: e = 3p entropy in comoving volume = conserved for every EoS w/o dissipation mystery:
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Longitudinal Pressure Gradient
v = th y initial conds: Bjorken flow Bozek, PRC 2009 init. non-Bjorken flow: different evolution it is hard to modify Bjorken‘s flow once it is there origin of Bjorken flow? Kajantie, Eskola, Russkanen, EPJC 1998
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Soft and Hard Probes ALICE, PLB 2011 jets
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Hard Probes: Medium Modifications
energy loss RHIC: disappearence of away-side jet
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Transverse Flow soft probes central semi-central peripheral no p
momentum space configuration space
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hydro Cooper-Frye momentum distrib. v2(p_perp)
STAR at RHIC Bluhm et al., PRC 2007 hydro Cooper-Frye momentum distrib. v2(p_perp)
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B. Schenke
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U.Heinz, Crete 2011
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U.Heinz, Crete 2011
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Viscous Fluid Dynamics
water is good fluid, honey not, oil partially
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bulk viscosity shear viscosity rel. Navier-Stokes eqs.
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Viscosities from Calculations
Bluhm, BK, Redlich, PRC 2011
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A Unified Description: AdS/CFT
2 1 Chesler, Yaffe, PRL 2011 1‘ 3 2‘ time AdS/CFT: 1. solve 5d Einstein vacuum eqs. (with symmetries) with negative cosmological constant 2. obtain 4d energy-momentum tensor from holographic renormalization (boundary theory)
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What remains for CBM at FAIR?
energy frontier SIS18 Bevalac AGS SPS RHIC LHC SIS100/300 intensity frontier: rare probes (charm, photons, dileptons) T = mu
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GSI FAIR 1.2 BEUR
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FAIR
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PBM, Stachel,
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physics case technical design simulations & feasibility
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Key Issues for CBM in-depth study of onset of deconfinement
EoS & transport coefficients medium modifications hadrons „never studied“ at SIS100/300 energies: charm: hidden & open, charm baryons (created early probe dense stage) dileptons & photons: penetrating probes (monitoring the dense stage, looking into fireball) fluctuations: higher moments sensitive to proxy of CEP correlations: size (temporal & spatial) measurements
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Strongly Coupled Systems
transport peak quasi-particles AdS/CFT weak coupling strong coupling
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Summary Cosmic Confinement/Hadronization: no imprints
nucleons as remainder due small excess (= accident?) Nucleosynthesis: sensitive test of cosmic dynamics abundancies of light elements is specific imprint Neutron Stars: quark cores seem possible (but hard to verify; need fine tuning of cold EoS) RHIC & LHC: sQGP seems w/o doubts, EoS from lattice QCD, sQGP = most perfect fluid: viscosities are small, energy scan at RHIC gives orientation (no rare probes) HADES&CBM at SIS100/300: exploration of phase diagram, rare & penetrating probes, closer link to hadron physics
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Probing the Fireball‘s Interior
PRL 2007 thermal radiation: Gallmeister et al. PLB 2000 Rapp-Shuryak PLB 2000
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DLS Puzzle Solved by Bremsstrahlung?
Nikola Tesla 1888 Barz et al Bratkovskaya, Cassing NPA 2008 C(1 AGeV) + C DLS: PRL 1997 HADES: PLB 2008 M [GeV] 1997: bremsstrahlung ... contribution was found to be small 2007: DLS puzzle... may be solved when incorporating a stronger bremsstr. contribution Aichelin et al. 2008: w/ bremsstrahlung Santini et al. 2008: w/o bremsstrahlung Schmidt et al. 2009: w/o bremsstrahlung
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CERES Pb(158 AGeV)+Au <T> = 170 MeV cocktail thermal rad.
DY thermal rad. cocktail t pre-equ. fireball freeze-out
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NA60: Di-Muons LMR IMR NA60 broadening no shift NA60 0907.3935
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RHIC real photons cocktail confirmed by pp Quarks & Gluons PHENIX
Drees PHENIX real photons Quarks & Gluons Hadrons cocktail confirmed by pp PHENIX PHENIX
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Dielectrons PHENIX data
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Photons PHENIX data
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Fluid Dynamics from Gravity
FG coordinates Bhattacharyya, Hubeny, Rangamani ... JHEP 2008 bulk near z = 0, asymp. AdS metric & black brane strong coupling regime: universal sector in long-wavelength solutions, isotropization assume as relevant d.o.f.
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epsilon expansion: z expansion equivalent?
iterative solutions of Einstein eqs. constitutive eqs.: extrinsic curvature on r = const from
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The Janik Route Bjorken flow + symmetry, Milne coordinates e
Janik, Lecture Notes Phys. 2011 Bjorken flow + symmetry, Milne coordinates e
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Get e(tau) from AdS/CFT
FG coordinates: 1 boundary theory: z = 0 z expansion (indices suppressed): ... iterative solution for n > 4 Einstein eqs. Skenderis et al., 2000 Definition: Kretschmann
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requirement: K = regular (no singularities in the bulk) values of
Large tau: requirement: K = regular (no singularities in the bulk) values of the only scale shear viscosity = Gyulassy, Danilewicz PRD 1985 numbers Small tau: Einstein eqs. constraints for A, B, C allowed init. conds. anisotropy measure Beuf et al., JHEP 2009
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1st-order hydro stage: q = 0 F/w = 2/3
Heller, Janik, Witaszczyk 2011 1st-order hydro stage: q = 0 F/w = 2/3
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Comparison of with Frankfurt
third-order rel. diss. hydro, extension of Israel-Stewart El, Xu, Greiner, PRC 2010 Denicol, Koide, Rischke, PRL 2010 shear tensor: for Bjorken flow & symm. Boltzmann m = 0 transient dynamics looks as gradient expansion
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start from equilibrium:
start from off-equilibrium:
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