1. Class: Energy and the Environment Professor: Dr. Kazi Javed
Hydraulic Fracturing
Class: Energy and the Environment
Professor: Dr. Kazi Javed
By: Jeannie Jenkins
Date:

2. 1. Natural Gas First American Uses 1600s – Native Americans
1821 – Gunsmith in Fredonia, New York
Lighthouse on Lake Erie
1840 – Salt Distillery in Pennsylvania
Components
Methane
A relatively
small amount of nitrous oxides, sulfur oxides, and metals when burned
Power Plant – Electricity
Homes – Cooking, heating water and living spaces, and running appliances
1. Natural Gas

3. 2. History of Hydraulic Fracturing
1947 – Hugoton, Kansas
600 trillion ft3 attained in 6 decades
“millions of well-paying jobs, billions in state and federal revenue, and a real path to a clean and affordable energy future”
2. History of Hydraulic Fracturing

4. 3. Process Vertical and Horizontal Drilling
Sand (or man-made materials), water, and additives
Cement
Piping
Pressure
3. Process

5. 4. Additives Before, during, and after drilling
Acids, biocides, breakers, clay stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, cross linkers, friction reducers, gelling agents, iron controls, non-emulsifiers, pH adjusting agents, scale inhibitors, and surfactants
4. Additives

6. State
-“well design, location, spacing, operations, water management and surface disturbance”
Federal
- Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
5. Regulations

7. 6. Positive Remarks Enough for projected consumption
Lowers need to import
States can regulate the fracking process
Reduce air contaminants (smog, Hg) by burning natural gas instead of oil
Marcellus Shale 54,000 mi2, trillion ft3 natural gas
300,000 new wells in next years is surmised
6. Positive Remarks

8. U.S. House of Rep Survey of 14 leading oil and gas companies
- Additives: Health Effects and Appearance in Drinking Water
- 2,500 products used in the fracking process
- 780 million gal in 4 years (not including water used)
- 650 products: Known Carcinogens, Regulated Under Safe Water Act, or Hazardous Air Pollutants
7. Concerns (a.)

9. 7. Concerns (b.) Among the Chemicals - Acetone - NH3 - Benzene
- Boric Acid
- Diesel
- Formaldehyde
- HCl
- Kerosene
- Pb
- H2SO4
- Toluene
7. Concerns (b.)

10. 8. Conclusions Pros - Electricity and Heat - Independent Source Cons
- Fossil Fuel Dependency
- Pollution
- Suffering of Living Things
- Death
8. Conclusions

11. America’s Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA). (2011). State-Based Regulation
Democrats Committee on Energy & Commerce. (2011). Committee Democrats Release New Report Detailing Hydraulic Fracturing Products. <
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing. <
Finkel, M.L. and Law, A. (2011). The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale. Am. J. Public Health 101:
FracFocus. (2011). What Chemicals Are Used. <
Halliburton. (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing <
Nersesian, R.L. (2007) Energy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Alternative Sources. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk, NY.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2010). EIA energy outlook projects growing reliance on natural gas from shale, reduced energy import shares, and increased electricity generation from renewables and natural gas. <
References