1. Hyoid Bone Also called hyoid _____________
Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing.
Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.

2. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)
Vertebrae that extend from skull to tip of tail.
Divided into 5 sections:
Cervical (neck, C)
Thoracic (chest, T)
Lumbar (abdomen, L)
Sacral (pelvis, S)
Coccygeal (tail, Cy)
Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.
Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)

4. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
Body
The main, ventral portion of the bone.
Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral ________ of _________ cartilage.
Arch
dorsal to body
helps to make up _______ ________ which allows passage of the spinal cord.
VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS

5. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
Transverse Processes
Two processes that project laterally
Site of muscle attachment.
Articular Processes
On cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint
Spinous Processes
Single and projects dorsally

6. Cervical Vertebrae Neck region
______ vertebrae in all domestic animals
_________ is C1
Holds up head.
Has ________ that can be palpated
Has no vertebral body, just is a ring which spinal cord passes through.
________ is C2
Has large blade-like spinous process and a ______ that fits into atlas

7. Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Chest region
Have tall __________ processes.
Number of vertebrae = number pairs of _______
Have articular facets which communicate with the ribs.
Dorsal to abdominal region.
Most massive-looking bones in spinal column.
Bodies are large and bulky
Prominent cranial-directed ___________ processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

8. Sacral Vertebrae Coccygeal Vertebrae
3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure.
Called the _________.
Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint.
Coccygeal Vertebrae
Bones of the tail.
Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone
In humans fuse into coccyx.

9. Ribs Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.
Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae.
Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand.
Term for rib is ____________.
____________ ribs aka “true ribs” attach to sternum
____________ ribs aka “false ribs”make up caudal part of thorax.
Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.
Ribs

10. STERNUM Breastbone Made up of sternebrae.
Most cranial sternebrae is _________________
Most caudal sternebrae is called _____________ process.

11. Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of limbs.
Thoracic limbs (front leg)
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
Pelvic Limbs (back leg)
Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
pubis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones

12. Appendicular Skeleton (limb bones)
Thoracic Limb
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones (carpus)
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges 12

13. Scapula Most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. Flat and triangular.
Has prominent ridge on lateral surface referred to as the _____________.
The distal end forms portion of ball and socket shoulder joint called the ______________ cavity.
Scapula

14. Humerus Long bone of upper arm/brachium
Articulates with the _________ proximally and the _______ and _______ distally
Has head at proximal end with a large greater tubercle for muscle attachment.
Condyle at distal end is composed of trochlea (medial/ulna), capitulum (lateral, radius), medial and lateral epicondyles (medial and lateral/ no articulations)
_____________ fossa is proximal to the condyles on the caudal surface of the humerus
Is not the “funny bone”
Humerus

15. Ulna One of two bones that form the antebrachium.
Proximally, forms major portion of elbow joint with distal end of the ____________.
Articulates distally with the ________ (except in the horse).
Point of the elbow = olecranon process
Trochlear _________: concave articular surface that makes elbow secure.
Proximal end of trochlear notch forms a beak-shaped ______________ process.
tucks into the olecranon process of the humerus
Distal end of trochlear notch forms the two ________________ processes.
Styloid process forms the distal end of the ulna.
Ulna

16. Radius Main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium.
Articulates with _________ and ulna proximally, and the _______ distally.
___________process articulates with carpus.

17. Carpal Bones Carpus has _______ rows of bones.
Is the “_______” of the most animals, knee of horses
Proximal row bones have names
radial carpal bone, intermediate carpal (if present) ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone
Distal row bones numbered medial to lateral:
(1st carpal, 2nd carpal, etc)

18. Articulate proximally with the carpal bones and distally with the phalanges of the digits.
Numbered from _________ to _________ (dewclaw being number 1 in dogs and cats).
Horses have one large metacarpal III bone (__________ bone) and two non-weight bearing metacarpal II & IV bones (___________ bones).
Cattle have fused metacarpal bones (III & IV) with a groove dividing them
Metacarpal Bones

19. EQUINE
BOVINE

20. Phalanges (singular = phalanx)
Each digit is made up of two or three______________ (proximal, middle, distal)
In horses phalanges are also called the long and short pastern bones and coffin bone.
Horses and cattle have proximal and distal sesamoid bones.
Distal sesamoid in horse = navicular bone
Horses have one weight-bearing digit (III) and cattle have two (III & IV)
Dogs and cats have an _____________ crest that surrounds the claw.

21. EQUINE PHALANGES
LONG PASTERN
SHORT PASTERN
COFFIN BONE