1. Functional Groups
By Dr. Christophy

2. Functional Groups
“Arrangements of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.”
Functional groups contain at least one atom that is not C or H, usually O or N or a halogen.
R is used to represent a carbon/hydrogen chain. R’ is used to represent a chain that may be different on the same molecule.

3. Alkyl Halides
Hydrocarbon in which a halogen is attached to a carbon chain.
The halogen is named as a substituent group, just like ethyl or methyl.
The halogen names are fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodo-

4. Naming Examples – Alkyl Halides
Name this structure:
Name this structure:
Click here to see the answer
Click here to see the answer

5. Alcohols
An alcohol contains an “OH” group attached to a hydrocarbon.

6. Alcohols (cont.) Alcohols all have the ending “-ol”.
A number indicates to which carbon the functional group is attached. The alcohol gets the lowest number possible.
Example:
2-propanol

7. Naming Examples - Alcohols
Name this alcohol
Name this alcohol:
Click here to see the answer
Click here to see the answer

8. Types of Alcohols
If the alcohol is attached to a carbon that is also attached to two hydrogens and one other carbon, that is a primary alcohol.
If the alcohol is attached to a carbon that is also attached to one hydrogen and two other carbons, that is a secondary alcohol.
If the alcohol is attached to a carbon that is also attached to no hydrogens just three other carbons, that is a tertiary alcohol.

9. Types of Alcohols (cont.)
Identify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
Click for the answer

10. Ethers
When the hydrogen in an alcohol is instead replaced by a hydrocarbon group, the result is an ether:
The R groups may be the same or different

11. Naming Ethers
Ethers are named by naming the hydrocarbon on either side of the oxygen.
The R-group names are placed in alphabetical order.
If the R-groups are the same, the prefix “di” is used.
The last word in the name is “Ether”

12. Naming Examples: Ether
Click here to see the name
Click here to see the name

13. Ketones
A ketone, like an alcohol, has a carbon attached to an oxygen. This time, however, the C and the O are connected by a double-bond.
The C=O group is called a “carbonyl” group

14. Naming Ketones The suffix for a ketone is “-one”
Ketones are named the same way as any other hydrocarbon, except the longest chain must contain the C=O group, and the final “e” on the end of the name is replaced by “-one”
Number the carbon that contains the double-bonded “O” with the lowest number possible.

15. Naming Examples - Ketones
Click here to see the name
Click here to see the name

16. Aldehydes Aldehydes are ketones at the end of a chain.
The ending for an aldehyde is “-al”
Since the carbonyl group is always at the end, there is no need for a number.

17. Naming Examples Click here to see the name Click here to see the name

18. Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids are kind of a combination of an aldehyde and an alcohol.

19. Naming Carboxylic Acids
The ending is always “-oic acid”
Again, no number is needed because the group is always at the end.

20. Carboxylic Acid Examples
Click here to see the name
Click here to see the name

21. Esters Esters are a combination of a ketone and an ether
The general formula is:

22. Naming An Ester Esters are just a little tricky to name.
The name of the group AFTER the “O” is first.
The second word in the name is the part that includes the carboxyl group and ends with “oate”

23. Naming Examples - Ester
Click here to see name
Click here to see name

24. Amines
Amines contain a nitrogen attached to a carbon and one or more hydrogens
Like alcohols, amines can be primary, secondary or tertiary.
Any of these R groups could be a hydrogen

25. Amides
An amide is attached to a carbon that has a carbonyl group.