1. 3rd-year class Practical Pharmacology 2010-2011
Lab.2
3rd-year class
Practical Pharmacology

2. Dosage Forms
Dr. Mohammed Qasim
&
Dr. Huda Ibrahim

3. I.Oral
1.Tablets:- the most common preparation for oral use . Is made by compressing the drugs & inert binders as starch or lactose into hard mass which disintegrate in water . A tablet before being absorbed should disintegrate into granules& then dissolute into primary drug particles

4. The active substance in an oral solid dosage form such as tablet represents only a small proportion of the total weight .
These include:-
diluents(Lactose, Calcium, Sulphate), binding agents(bentonile), lubricants(talc), disintegrating agents (starch , mixture of sodium bicarbonate & tartaric acid), coating formulation . material (sugar), special
Different manufacturing procedures may result in the production of different physical forms of the active drug(e.g. compression force & tablet hardness).

6. Coated tablets:- a common type is a sugar coated tablet
Coated tablets:- a common type is a sugar coated tablet. The coat is an additional physical barrier for disintegration. 1-Coatings are used to mask the unpleasant tastes & odors. 2-To protect the tablet ingredients from decomposition in drug storage. 3-To improve the appearance of the tablet

8. Enteric-coated tablet:- a special film coat designed to resist gastric fluid & disrupt or dissolve in the intestine
1-They are used to protect a drug from degradation in the stomach. 2-To minimize gastric irritation caused by some drugs

10. Sustained-release tablets(SR)
this is designed to release their contents over extended period of time.

11. Advantages:
to eliminate the need for multiple dosage regimens , particularly for these drugs requiring reasonably constant blood level over a long period of time , or drugs which need to be given in high doses , but too rapid release is likely to cause undesirable side effect
(e.g. potassium chloride tablets)

12. 2.Capsules:-
a drug formulation encapsulated in a hard gelatin shell .Drug particles in the capsule are not subjected to high compression that tend to compact the powder & to reduce the effective surface area. However, drug bioavailability from capsule isn't always better than a tablet.

13. Advantages: 1.Protection from light.
2. Mask the taste or odour of their components.
3. Attractive appearance.
4. Ease to identify.
5. Controlled release.

15. Spansule:
capsule containing drug granules with special pharmaceutical formulation to be disintegrated and dissolved in different times for prolonged action (theophyllin)

17. 3.Granules:-
all irregular particles of drug, sugar & inert adjuvant stirred in water before taking

18. 4.Effervescents tablet or granules:-
the basis of the effervescence is a mixture of citric acid & tartaric acid with sodium bicarbonate . When dissolve in water , the acid & bicarbonate react together to produce carbonic acid . The carbonated water partly disguises the unpleasant taste of drug & has refreshing properties.

20. 5.Syrup:-
is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar , useful vehicle for water soluble drugs act both as a solvent & flavoring agent .
Advantages:
1. Immediately available for absorption. 2. Useful for children or in swallow difficulties (elderly).

22. 6.Elixir:-
is a sweetened hydro alcoholic solution that contains approximately 25%. It is a suitable vehicle for drugs soluble in either water or dilute alcohol.

24. 7.Linctuses:-
are viscous liquid oral preparations that are usefully prescribed for the relief of cough

25. II.Topical:-
1.Aerosols:- they are suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas . They are used to the respiratory tract or skin . The sprays used to treat respiratory diseases are atomized in devices known as nebulizers

27. 2.Gargles:-
they are aqueous solutions used to treat or prevent throat infections, usually dispensed in concentrated form to be diluted in warm water before use

29. 3.Drops:-
could be to the eye, ear, nasal or oral drops. Nasal drops are usually aqueous because oily drops inhibit movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa & if used for a long time , they may reach the lungs & cause lipoidal pneumonia

31. 4.Ointments:-
are semisolid, greasy preparations for application to the skin , rectum . The base is usually anhydrous & contains the medicament in solution or suspension.
5.Cream:-
they are semisolid solution for external use. They are 2 kinds:-1. aqueous cream 2. oily cream.
In which the emulsions are oil in water or water in oil respectively

32. Ointment Cream 1-greasy 1-relatively not greasy 2-semisolid anhydrous
2-semisoilid emulsion(oil + water)
3-less skin penetration
3-more skin penetration
4-used for dry, chronic skin lesion
4-used for wet lesions of skin
5-applid to skin & rectum
Applied to skin only

34. 6.Lotions:-
aqueous preparations for external application without friction . They are rubbed on skin or applied on the suitable dressing

35. 7.Suppositories:-
are conical or ovoid solid preparations for insertion into the rectum, where they exert local or less often systemic effect. Their base is fat, wax or glycerol gelatin

37. 8.Pessaries:-
solid medicated preparations for introduction into vagina where they melt or dissolve & exert a local action

38. III.Injections:-
drugs given by injections act more rapidly & reliably, thus more useful for emergency situations . They require some technical skills, aseptic technique & suitable equipments

39. a. Injection: highly purified & sterile dosage form either in ampoules or vials (for multidose) . b. Intravenous Admixture: (i.v. fluid) large volume injection intended to be administered by i.v. infusion , for fluid replacement ; electrolytes balance restoration; supplementary nutrition; & as vehicle for other drug substance (G/W, Albumin, Dopamine).

41. There are 2 types of injections preparation:-
1-Ampoule:- which contains sterile drug solution & used once when opened.
2-Vial:- which is designed to contain one or multiple doses & having a rubber cover to avoid contamination.

44. IV.Some pharmaceutical preparations:-
1.Extract:- are concentrated preparations containing active principles of vegetable or animal drugs. The drugs are extracted with suitable solvents & the product is concentrated to a liquid, soft or dry extract. 2.Tinctures:- are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solution of the active principles of drugs. They are medicated or non-medicated. The latter is used as flavoring agent. 3.Waters:- aromatic waters are saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils, used as vehicle for water-soluble substances

45. Enema: a clyster or injection; a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum (e.g. hydrocortisone enema), & barium enema (barium meal).
Powder:e.g. antacid.
Prefilled syringe: e.g.enoxaparn.
Pen: e.g. mixtard insulin

48. Transdermal delivery system (TDS):