1. Afro-Asiatic Language Family
Main Branch:
Semitic
Arabic (256)
Language of the Koran; spread by Islamic Faith and Islamic (Ottoman) Empires
Hebrew (5)
Language of the Old Testament (with Aramaic); completely revived from near extinction in Israel, 1948.

2. LANGUAGES OF AFRICA
There are 1,000 spoken languages in Africa and many are unwritten.
There are 4 major indigenous language families;
Afro-Asiatic of N. Africa
Nilo-Saharan
Niger-Congo
Khosian
Largest ethnic groups are associated with a language.
Afro-Asiatic of North Africa includes Somali, Amharic and Tuareg
Nilo-Saharan includes Dinka, Turkana and Nuer in East Africa
Niger-Congo-the largest family includes Hausa, Yoruba, Zulu, Swahili and Kikuyu. The largest sub-family is Bantu spoken near and south of the Equator. Bantu like Celtic in Europe was once the dominant language of the continent.
Khoisan is a small language family spoken by the Bushmen of the Kalahari-noted for distinctive “clicking” vocalizations.
The largest ethnic groups are associated with certain dominant languages such as Hausa, Yoruba and Zulu.
Attempts to consolidate ethnic groups across boundaries and the struggle for power between groups has been a major cause of conflict

3. African languages are grouped into four families: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, and Afro-Asiatic.
Niger-Congo: With more than 1400 languages – almost one-fourth of the world’s total – Niger-Congo is one of the largest language families. It includes Swahili, used by 35 million East Africans as a lingua franca.
Swahili: Where are you going?
Nilo-Saharan: About 200 Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by ethnic minorities in their home countries. Only Dongolawi, a Nubian language of the southern Nile in Sudan, has a long written record.
Khoisan: Famous for clicking sounds, Africa’s Khoisan languages may be the continent’s oldest. Several have vanished; most have fewer than a thousand speakers.
Afro-Asiatic: The languages of ancient Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and Palestine belonged to this family. Still thriving, the largest living Afro-Asiatic language, Arabic, spreads in tandem with Islam.
Arabic: يولد جميع الناس أحراراً متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميراً وعليهم ان يعامل بعضهم بعضاً بروح اﻹخاء
Hebrew:

4. NIGER-CONGO DIFFUSION
proto-Bantu peoples originated in Cameroon-Nigeria
They spread throughout southern Africa AD
Bantu peoples were agriculturalists who used metal tools
Khoisan peoples were hunter-gatherers and were no match for the Bantu.
Pygmies adopted Bantu tongue and retreated to forest
Hottentots and Bushmen retained the clicks of Khoisan languages

7. Nigeria More than 400 different languages.

9. What happened to state size?