1. Advances in Technology and Science

2. 1. Electric Power Michael Faraday
Discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity
Developed the dynamo
Machine that generated electricity by moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire
Used electricity to power an electric motor which would lead to the development of electric generators

3. b. Thomas Edison
Developed the first usable and practical light bulb in 1789
He made generators, motors, light sockets, and other electrical devices
Helped develop city electrical utility systems
Built the world’s first central electrical plant in NYC

4. c. Effects on Industry and Daily Life
Improved industry in 3 ways
Factories no longer relied on steam engines to power machines
Factories did not need to depend on waterways to power steam engines
Product increase
Factories were no longer dependent on sunlight

5. ii. Daily Life Electricity was used to light houses
Electricity became a cheaper alternative

6. 2. Advances in Travel Henry Bessemer Trains
Developed the Bessemer Process
Involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon and other impurities
Helped to transform the train industry
Trains
Helped goods to be shipped quicker
Costs went down

7. c. Automobiles Henry Ford
1905, he said, “I will build a motor car for the great multitude.”
Used mass production method in factories
Built affordable line of cars called the Model T

11. d. Airplanes Wilbur and Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec. 17, 1903
Flew a powered airplane in sustained flight
Went only 120 ft.
Paved way for airplanes to travel the globe, transport goods and fight wars

13. 3. Advances in Communication
The Telegraph
Samuel Morse
Credited with inventing the telegraph in 1837
Machine sent messages instantly over wires
Developed Morse Code, the language that was used to send messages
Series of longs and shorts
Electrical pulses

15. b. The Telephone Alexander Graham Bell
Teacher to the hearing impaired and was working in sound technology
Inadvertently discovered the telephone, by trying to figure out how to send multiple telegraph messages at one time
Called his assistant Thomas Watson and Watson heard him through the receiver
By 1900, almost 1.5 million telephones were installed in American homes and offices

17. c. Radio and Phonograph The Radio Guglielmo Marconi
Built a wireless telegraph or radio
First used as communication between ships, eventually used for entertainment and news

19. ii. The Phonograph Thomas Edison
Recorded sound on one of his inventions
Phonograph would become the record player

20. 3. Science Charles Darwin Studied variations among plants and animals
Wrote “On the Origins of Species”

21. iii. Theory of Evolution
That species adapt or evolve over time
Theory indicated that human beings were descended from other animals
Not popular at the time because if conflicted with the biblical account of creation

22. b. Chemistry and Physics
John Dalton
Developed the modern atomic theory
Essential part of the theory is that atoms of different elements are themselves different in size and mass

23. ii. Dmitri Mendeleyev
Arranged all the chemical elements into a chart called the periodic table
Revealed unknown patterns among the elements
Left room for new elements that would be discovered

24. iii. Marie and Pierre Currie
Discovered polonium and radium
Found that certain elements release energy when they break down
Marie called this process radio activity

25. iv. Ernest Rutherford Realized that atoms have a core called a nucleus
Found that a nucleus is made up of positively charged particles that he called protons

26. v. Albert Einstein Based on two crucial ideas
Used mathematics to show light can act not only as a wave but also as tiny particles of energy
Developed the Theory of Relativity
Based on two crucial ideas
No particle of matter can move faster than light
Motion can be measured only from the viewpoint of a particular observer

27. 3. E=mc2
A small amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy
4. Believed space itself is curved and that one must include time in the study of space

28. 5. Overturned what Newton and others believed about how the universe works

29. 5. Medical Louis Pasteur Showed the link between microbes and disease
Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
Showed bacteria is always present
Pasteurization
The process that kills bacteria and prevents fermentation

30. b. Crawford W. Long Developed the idea of an anesthetic
A drug that reduces pain and in large doses makes the patient unconscious
Used a gas called ether
1843- performed the first painless operation by administering ether

31. c. Joseph Lister Developed the use of an antiseptic
A germ killing agent containing carbolic acid
After the use of an antiseptic, Lister was able to reduce post- surgery death from 45% to 15% in just on hospital

32. 6. Psychology Definition Ivan Pavlov
The study of the mind and human behavior
Ivan Pavlov
Used dogs to research that animals could be conditioned to have certain reflex actions
Took this research and concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes

33. c. Sigmund Freud
Argued that the unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware
Used hypnotism to explore the unconscious part of the mind
Believed repressed thought revealed in dreams could cause mental illness

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