1. Sustainability and CLTS: Taking Stock

2. What has to be sustained?
ODF status of the whole communities maintained over time
But definitions of ODF vary:
Eradication of open defecation
Hygienic latrines
Use of sanitation
Evidence of handwashing facilities  

3. Four major studies
Plan International (2013): Ethiopia, Kenya, Sierra Leone and Uganda
UNICEF CATS Evaluation (2014)
WSP (2011) Indonesia
WSP (2011) Bangladesh
Together these studies point to the rarity and importance of moving up the sanitation ladder or starting above its lowest rung.

4. 3 dimensions of sustainability

5. Frontiers for future action
How and when to phase in sanitation marketing?
Post ODF engagement of government, NGO, donors and others?
How to ensure equity and inclusion?
How to transform social norms?
Monitoring, learning and changing