1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36-3 and 36-4  Cycles of Matter
Photo Credit: ©Bruce Coleman, LTD/Natural Selection
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3-3 Cycles of Matter
How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Recycling in the Biosphere
Biogeochemical Cycles are the cycling of matter through an ecosystem.
Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.
Matter is made into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle- VIDEO CLIP
All living things require water to survive.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
This diagram shows the main processes involved in the water cycle. Scientists estimate that it can take a single water molecule as long as 4000 years to complete one cycle.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation.
Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds.
The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of precipitation.
Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
How are nutrients important in living systems?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment.
Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle- VIDEO CLIP
Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.
Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground.
Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
CO2 in Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Volcanic activity
feeding
Respiration
Erosion
Human activity
Respiration
Decomposition
CO2 in Ocean
Uplift
Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock. 
Deposition
Photosynthesis
feeding
Fossil fuel
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
4-1 The Role of Climate
What Is Climate?
What Is Climate?
Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
Climate refers to the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
4-1 The Role of Climate
The Greenhouse Effect
How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere's temperature range?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
4-1 The Role of Climate
4-1 The Role of Climate
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include:
carbon dioxide
methane
water vapor
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
4-1 The Role of Climate
The Greenhouse Effect
Sunlight
Some heat escapes into space
The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slow down the loss of heat to space. These greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which helps maintain Earth’s temperature range.
Atmosphere
Earth’s Surface
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle- VIDEO CLIP
All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins.
Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly.
Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.
Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. NH3 N2 in Atmosphere NO3 and NO2 Nutrient Cycles
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
The atmosphere is the main reservoir of nitrogen in the biosphere. Nitrogen also cycles through the soil and through the tissues of living organisms. 
Decomposition, excretion
Decomposition, excretion
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
NO3 and NO2
NH3
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia.
The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification.
This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Limitation
If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Limitation
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers.
This result is called an algal bloom.
Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Pollution
Pollution
Many forms of pollution can threaten biodiversity.
One of the most serious problems occurs when toxic compounds accumulate in the tissues of organisms.
DDT, one of the first pesticides, is a good example of this.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

28. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Pollution
For a long time DDT was considered harmless, and it drained into rivers and streams in low concentrations.
However, DDT has two hazardous properties:
It is nonbiodegradable, which means that it cannot be broken down by organisms.
Once DDT is picked up by organisms, it cannot be eliminated from their bodies.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

29. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Pollution
When DDT enters food webs, it undergoes biological magnification.
In biomagnification, concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.
In 1962, biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, which alerted people to the dangers of biological magnification.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

30. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

31. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

34. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

36. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Pollution
The widespread use of DDT threatened populations of many animals—especially fish-eating birds like the bald eagle—with extinction.
By the early 1970s, DDT was banned in the U.S. and in most other industrialized countries; as a result, affected bird populations have recovered.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

37. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

38. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Transpiration is part of the
water cycle.
carbon cycle.
nitrogen cycle.
phosphorus cycle.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

39. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
carbohydrates.
carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate.
ammonia.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

40. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances
start as simple organic forms that plants need.
provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.
are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.
are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

41. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing
plants.
bacteria.
detritivores.
animals.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

42. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
runoff.
algal death.
algal bloom.
less primary productivity.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

43. END OF SECTION