1. Chapter 9
Cardiovascular System

2. Learning Outcomes
State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the cardiovascular system.
Explain the circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart.
Identify and locate the commonly used sites for taking a pulse.
Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words.

3. Heart
It lies slightly to the left of the midline, beneath the sternum, and has three layers or linings:
Endocardium
The inner lining of the heart.
Myocardium
The muscular middle layer of the heart.
Pericardium
The outer membranous sac surrounding the heart.

4. Vascular System of the Heart
The heart has its own vascular system to meet its high oxygen demand.
The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood.
The cardiac veins collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to the right atrium.

5. Figure 9.3 Interior view of the heart chambers with tissues of the heart (endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium). 5

7. Virtual Tour of the Heart
The heart is a hollow muscular organ cone-shaped and roughly the size of a fist. It is located in the chest behind the sternum and between the lungs. The heart sits slightly off center. The heart consists of four hollowed chambers, the two upper chambers are called atria and the two lower chambers are the ventricles. The right atrium receives blood from distal parts of the body by way of the superior or inferior vena cava. To keep all the blood flowing in the same direction, the heart has a system of one way valves. All of the valves consist of leaflets that open and close in response to changing pressures within the chambers. Then blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood out of the pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery and on the lungs for a new supply of oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium and from the left atrium, it passes through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is ejected through the aortic valve to the aorta and distal body tissues. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker than those of the right side because it takes more pressure to reach distal parts of the body. The septum effectively divides the heart into right and left sides to form two separate pumps. The two pumps of the right and left heart function enclose syncopation. This is a closed system so the blood continues to pump and flow in a continuos cycle.
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9. Figure 9.1 Schematic Overview of the cardiovascular system.

10. Heart Circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart
Septum divides heart into the right and left heart.
Each side contains an upper and lower chamber:
Atria, or upper chambers, receive blood.
Ventricles, or lower chambers, pump blood.
Valves control intake and outflow of blood in chambers.

11. Conduction System of the Heart
The autonomic nervous system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat, generated by specialized neuromuscular tissue of the heart.
This tissue of the heart comprises:
the sinoatrial node
the atrioventricular node
the atrioventricular bundle

12. Virtual Tour of the Heart
The heart is a hollow muscular organ cone-shaped and roughly the size of a fist. It is located in the chest behind the sternum and between the lungs. The heart sits slightly off center. The heart consists of four hollowed chambers, the two upper chambers are called atria and the two lower chambers are the ventricles. The right atrium receives blood from distal parts of the body by way of the superior or inferior vena cava. To keep all the blood flowing in the same direction, the heart has a system of one way valves. All of the valves consist of leaflets that open and close in response to changing pressures within the chambers. Then blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood out of the pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery and on the lungs for a new supply of oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium and from the left atrium, it passes through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is ejected through the aortic valve to the aorta and distal body tissues. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker than those of the right side because it takes more pressure to reach distal parts of the body. The septum effectively divides the heart into right and left sides to form two separate pumps. The two pumps of the right and left heart function enclose syncopation. This is a closed system so the blood continues to pump and flow in a continuos cycle.
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14. Figure 9.8 Major arteries of the systemic circulation.

15. Blood Vessels Arteries
A branching system of vessels that transports blood away from the heart to all body parts.
All arteries have a pulse, reflecting the rhythmical beating of the heart.

16. Blood Vessels Arteries
Certain points are commonly used to check rate, rhythm, and condition of the arterial wall.
Most commonly used sites for taking a pulse:
radial artery
brachial artery
carotid artery 16

17. Figure 9.9 Primary pulse points of the body.

18. Blood Vessels
Veins
Vessels that transport blood from peripheral tissues back to the heart.
Have thin walls and valves that prevent backflow of blood.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Superior and inferior venae cavae carry deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulation.

19. Figure 9.10 Major veins of the systemic circulation.

20. Blood Vessels Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels with single-celled walls that connect arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins).
Blood passing through capillaries gives up the oxygen and nutrients carried to this point by arteries and picks up waste and carbon dioxide as it enters veins.

21. Capillaries

22. Blood Vessels Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries.
Higher (systolic) number: the pressure while the heart contracts.
Lower (diastolic) number: the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.
Measured by a sphygmomanometer.

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24. Figure 9.12 Blood pressure measurement.

26. Figure 9.20 Blood vessels: (A) normal artery.26

27. Figure 9.20 (continued) Blood vessels: (B) constriction.27

28. Figure 9.20 (continued) Blood vessels: (C) arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.28

29. Figure 9. 28 Balloon angioplasty
Figure 9.28 Balloon angioplasty. (A) The balloon catheter is threaded into the affected coronary artery. (B) The balloon is positioned across the area of obstruction. (C) The balloon is then inflated, flattening the plaque against the arterial wall. (D) Placque remains flattened after balloon catheter is removed. 29

30. Figure 9. 32 Placement of a stent
Figure 9.32 Placement of a stent. (A) The stainless steel stent is fitted over a balloon-tipped catheter. (B) The stent is positioned along the blockage and expanded. (C) The balloon is deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place. 30

31. Flashcards Create Flashcards Page 267 Study Blue
Note prefixes on page 291
Page 301 Complete In Class
Identifying Medical Terms
Study and Review III