1. Andrew Jackson

2. His History
A courier during the Revolution—Captured and mistreated by British Soldiers
Became a lawyer, then a Representative, then a Senator
1801 he became the Colonel of the Tennessee Militia
Killed a man in 1806 in a dual over the honor of his wife
Hermitage Plantation—1050 Acres at the height with 150 slaves growing Cotton just outside of Nashville Tennessee
Well known for defeating the British in an invasion of New Orleans weeks AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was Signed.
Invaded Florida directly leading to the First Seminole War (it was part of Spain at the time)
His actions in part led to the transfer of Florida to the United States for $5 million dollars.

3. Presidency
First bid ends with Congress awarding it to John Quincy Adams 1824
Wins election in 1828 as the founder of the Democrat Party
Nullification Crisis—Related to Tariff disagreements, 1833
“Spoils System”
Indian Removal Act, 1830
Bank Veto—Closed the National Bank
Panic of 1837—Caused by Jackson’s executive order requiring federal land purchases in gold or silver.
Banks did not have it and runs on banks caused many to collapse and a depression

4. Tariff of Abomination
Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812 European blockades fell and America was flooded with cheap Manufactured goods.
In response Congress passed a series of Tariffs aimed at protecting American Manufacturing from low price European competition
These tariffs hurt Southern Agriculture and economics in that they relied on European Trade and fewer shipments coming from Europe made it harder to sell cotton to European Manufacturers.
Leads to Nullification Crisis

5. Nullification Crisis
South Carolina declared Tariffs of 1828 unconstitutional for favoring one segment of the economy over another, stating they were null and void
This directly challenged the authority of the Federal Government.
Ordinance of Nullification Feb. 1, 1833
Jackson asked Congress to pass a ”Force Bill” that would allow him to use force to enforce the Tariffs in South Carolina, saying the action was “insurrection and Treason”.
Congress was able to pass a reduced Compromise Tariff and Force Bill. This lessened the tariff and South Carolina removed their Nullification Bill

6. Spoils System
Following his election, Jackson repaid large numbers of supporters with government positions
To do this he had to remove a number of government officials (over 900 removals)
Jackson claimed the removals were part of a reform of government.
The system remained in place and used by following Presidents.
In 1861 President Garfield was assassinated after rejecting a person looking for a office.
Pendleton Act of 1863 created the Civil Service—A nonpartisan group who evaluates Federal Job Candidates.

7. Indian Removal Act, 1830
Was part of an effort to remove the Five Civilized tribes from the southern states (Chickasaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, Cherokee Nations.
1802—The Federal Government made an agreement with Georgia to buy out the Cherokee lands as soon as a reasonable offer could be reached.
By the 1820s the States started to pass laws of their own to accomplish this, forcing the Congress to act.
Johnson v. M’Intosh, 1823 Indians could occupy land in the United States, but not hold title to those lands.
Jackson saw States as sovereign states (common belief) and felt the Federal Government had not authority to my treaties with Native Americans inside of state territories

8. Indian Removal Act
As noted in our debate, the Removal Act was very popular in the south but was also very controversial within the country
Jackson is said to have truly believe it was a humane act, protecting them from extinction of assimilation to conflict.
In theory it was VOLUNTARY
Trail of Tears—series of FORCED relocations of Cherokee, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw.
18,000 Cherokee removed, died along the way.
Second Seminole War—Many Seminole and Freed Blacks fought the relocation between
Eventually Seminole were allowed to stay—3,000 Killed
This becomes the basis for later treatment of Native People in the west.