1. Biology 106
Yntze van der Hoek

2. Course set up
-Biology, 9th or 10th edition, Sylvia Mader Try on half.com, textbooks.com, valorebooks.com, ebay.com, bookbyte.com etc.
-Syllabus
Week 1 – Chapter 1
Week 2 – Chapter 2
Week 3 – Chapter 3
Week 4 – Chapter 4 & 5
Week 5 – Chapter 6,8
Week 6 – Chapter 7
Week 7 – Chapter 31
Week 8 – Chapter 32,33
Week 9 – Chapter 34
Week 10 – Chapter 36
Week 11 – Chapter 37,38
Week 12 – Chapter 39
Week 13 – Chapter 40
Week 14 – Chapter 41

3. Course set up
Wed 21 September: Chapter 1, 2, 3 Wed 12 October: Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Wed 26 October: Chapter 31, 32, 33 Wed 23 November: Chapter 34, 36, 37, 38, 39 Final exam ?

4. A view of life Chapter 1 Defining life Classification & Evolution
Biosphere organization
The scientific method

5. Defining life
What do we consider living things, what do these have in common? E.g. cells: the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

6. Defining life
-Different levels of organization: Atoms, Molecules, Cells….up to Communities, Ecosystems, and Biospheres

7. Requirements Energy Metabolism E.g. via photosynthesis Nutrients
Homeostasis

8. Behavior
…what is it?
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner
Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south
Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals
Even leaves of plants follow sun

9. Reproduction Organisms: Live…Die In between: REPRODUCTION
In (most) multicellular organisms:
Union of sperm and egg
Cell division, differentiation
Development
Coded by: genes
DNA
Chromosomes

10. Adaptations
Modifications Survive climate Find food, mates .... ……. ?? Responses to environmental changes over time Similarity of organism at basic level and organization indicates: Descend from same ancestors

11. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology
organisms very similar at basic level
Suggests living things descended from same ancestor
Descent with modification - Evolution
Caused by natural selection

12. Classification
Taxonomy: Identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules Taxa: hierarchical levels based on evolutionary relationships

13. Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapiens
Universal
Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo
Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. sapiens
Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)
Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli

14. BACTERIA
common
ancestor
(first cells)
ARCHAEA
Protists
Photosynthetic
protist
Plants
cell with nucleus
EUKARYA
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Protist
Animals
common ancestor
Past
Present
Time

15. Domains:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ The Eukaryote Kingdoms
Protists
KINGDOM: Plants
Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds
Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular)
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells
Photosynthesize food
1 m
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan r
KINGDOM: Fungi
KINGDOM: Animals
Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms
Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells
Absorb food1
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals
Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells
Ingest food
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom V
ulpes, a red fox

16. Natural Selection

17. Organization of the Biosphere
Individuals - ?? Species - ?? Population - Members of a species within an area Community - A local collection of interacting populations Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment Biosphere

20. The Scientific Method
Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with raising a question and observation
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed
Developed through inductive reasoning from specific to general

21. Scientific method
Hypothesis leads to prediction that can be tested through further observations or experimentation The results are analyzed and interpreted: did it follow the prediction and ‘support’ the hypothesis? Conclusions Report in scientific journals Peers review the findings and the conclusions Other scientists can then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

22. Scientific theory
Not the same as in general speech!! Widely supported by observations, experiments, data etc.

24. Next week
Basic chemistry: Chapter 2 (and if you’ve not done so yet…read Chapter 1) Plus: We will make a start with Chapter 3