1. Primary Producers Algae – microscopic plankton (and benthic)
Cyanobacteria or “blue green algae”
Macro-algae - seaweeds and kelps
Plus:
sea grasses, marsh grasses, mangroves
coral reefs (by zooxanthellae,really a symbiont)

2. Dinoflagellate

3. Dinoflagellate

4. Dinoflagellate

5. Dinoflagellate

6. Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates

7. Diatom

8. Diatom

9. Diatom Varieties

10. Diatom Chains

11. Diatom Chains

12. Diatom Reproduction

13. Coccolithophore: a type of Nannoplankton

14. Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae): Ultraplankton

15. Macroalgae: seaweed

16. Macroalgae: seaweed

17. Macroalgae: kelp

18. Macroalgae: kelp

19. Macroalgae: kelp forest

20. Primary Production in the Ocean
Solar radiation
Nutrient concentration
Upwelling and mixing
Grazing
Water turbidity

21. Variation in Productivity
Only the top-most 100 m or less…of a 4,000-m deep ocean can support photosynthesis!
Light, physics and chemistry control
Regional and seasonal patterns

22. This productivity is not always positive, Dinoflagellate Blooms (Red Tide)
Rapid cell division and high abundance
Millions to tens of millions of cells per liter
Diatoms and dinoflagellates
Red and brown tides
Can discolor the water

23. Can be toxic
Can lead to hypoxia, anoxia
Can lead to fish kills
Often symptom of high nutrients or “eutrophication”

24. Sea Grass in Salt Marsh (vascular plants)

25. Sea Grass (Salt Grass) (vascular plants)

26. Coral Polyp: symbiotic relationship with microalgae (zooxanthellae)

27. Distribution of Coral Reefs

28. Variation of plankton types with distance offshore

29. Phytoplankton Primary Productivity

30. Zooplankton Biomass

31. Flux of organic matter to deep-sea bottom.

32. Benthic Biomass

33. You should know… Plankton groups Photosynthesis and respiration
Regional and seasonal patterns of productivity How these are controlled by ocean physics and chemistry
Which parts of the ocean are biologically productive, and which are not