1. Bio Productivity and energy transfer.

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Ocean life is dependent on producers
Most producers utilize energy from the sun via Photosynthesis (small % use chemical energy via chemosynthesis).
This creates all of the organic matter necessary to sustain life (i.e. food).

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Most oceanic producers are microscopic phytoplankton.
Small percentage of oceanic producers are large plant like organisms.

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I. Basic biology taxonomy (again)
Life is broken into Eukaryotes and Prokayotes.
A. Prokaryotes – bacteria and archeabacteria.
They have no membrane bound organelles nor a nucleus.

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B. Eukaryotes – Have chromosomes in a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Include: a. plants b. animals c. fungus and d. protista (slime mold and single celled algea).

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II. Macroscopic Algae and Plants – large algae and plants found attached in shallow water.
Classified based partly on their pigments and color.

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Brown Algae – Phylum = Phaeophyta
-Includes bull kelp
-Are the largest attached members of algal community

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Green Algae- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Include sea lettuce
- Poorly represented in ocean

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Red Algae – Phylum Rhodophyta
- Most abundant of marine macroscopic algae.

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Marine plants – All marine plants are seed producers.
-Provied food and habitat for marine animals.
- Include Eelgrass and surfgrass.

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Microscopic Algae – 99% of marine food supply
- mostly floating
Protista

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A. Golden Algae- Phylum Chrysophyta
- Diatomes with Opaline silica shell and can release toxins.

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- Coccolithophores – Calcium carbonite “test” with a whip like flagellum.

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B. Dinoflagellates- Phylum Pyrrophyta - Flagella used for locomotion. - blooms can cause Red Tides- releasing toxins = Shellfish store toxins which are poisonous to humans.

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IV. Primary productivity – Amount of carbon fixed by organisms to make organic matter, by using energy from the sun or other nonorganic source.

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A. Photosynthetic productivity. - Gross Primary Production – All organic matter created by photosynthesis - Net Primary Production – All organic matter created by photosynthesis minus that used by producers for respiration.

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-Depth at which oxygen production (photosynthesis) and oxygen consumption are equal is the Oxygen Compensation Depth. = Algae do not survive below this point.

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- 1% of biomass created at the euphotic zone reaches the deep sea floor. 1. Productivity in Polar oceans is limited only by light.

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2. Productivity in tropical regions limited only by nutrients.
Typically have lower productivity than temperate or polar oceans.
However, coral reefs, equatorial upwelling zones, and coastal upwelling zones are still quite productive.

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3. Temperate oceans – (mid latitude) - high productivity in Summer - low productivity in winter - Zooplankton populations peak after phytoplankton populations peak (why?)

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Areas of high productivity are called eutrophic
Areas of low productivity are called oligotrophic

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Chemosynthetic productivity – Production of food via chemical reaction, but not using sunlight.
-Rare and isolated to methane leeching fields and volcanic vents.

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Ecosystems and Energy Transfer.
Producers create organic matter.
Consumers eat organic matter
Herbivores eat producers
Carnivores eat consumers
Omnivores eat both.

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A. Symbiosis – Ecological relationship between organisms. 1. Commensalism- One benefits from another while not harming it 2. Mutualism- Both benefit. 3. Parasitism – one benefits at the cost of the other.

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B. Energy flow is unidirectional in an ecosystem. -Only 10% of energy makes it from one level to the next (Ecological Efficiency).

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C. Nutrient flow is cyclic in an ecosystem
-example: Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle etc.

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D. Food Pyramid.

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E. Food web.

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F. Food Chain.