1. Chapter 12
Respiratory System

2. Oxygen Delivery: A Cooperative Effort
Respiratory & cardiovascular system work together
Respiratory system:
Cardiovascular system:

3. Overview of the respiratory system

4. Structure & Function of the Lungs
Divided into several segments called:
Left lung has:
Right lung has:
These segments are made up of smaller units called:

5. Structure & Function of the Lungs
Consists of a system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs
Bronchi:
Bronchioles:
Terminal bronchioles:
Respiratory bronchioles:
Lead to alveolar ducts and sacs which contain multiple alveoli

6. The Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Trachea
Left bronchus
Right bronchus
Bronchioles
Clusters of alveoli
Figure 10.3

7. Structure & Function of the Lungs
Alveoli:
Small air space bounded by a thin epithelial wall called:
Alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
These conditions promote:
Some cells is the septum produce a lipid material called:
This material

8. Structure & Function of the Lungs
Fig B

9. Respiration Two functions of respiration: Ventilation: Includes:
Inspiration:
Expiration:
Gas Exchange:
Gases diffuse between blood, tissues, and pulmonary alveoli due to:
Alveolar air Blood (Pulmonary capillaries)
↑ P mmHg P02 20 mmHg
↓ PC02 35 mmHg PC02 60 mmHg

10. Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9

11. Pleural Cavity Pleura: Pleural cavity: Intrapleural pressure:
Normally less than the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure)
This holds the lungs:
Referred as “negative pressure” or subatmospheric because it is less than atmospheric pressure

12. Pneumothorax Loss of negative intrapleural pressure which leads to:
Causes:
Lung injury or pulmonary disease that allows:
Stab wound or penetrating injury to chest wall that permits:
Sometimes occurs without any apparent cause & is called: spontaneous pneumothorax
Occurs in: tall, white, males

13. Pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax (A.K.A. sucking chest wound)
Development of:
With inspiration intrapleural pressure:
Air flows:
With expiration intrapleural pressure:
Hole is plugged by tissue & air is:
Pressure builds up in pleural cavity causing:

14. Pneumothorax Manifestations Chest pain Shortness of breath
Reduced breath sounds on affected side
Chest x-ray: lung collapse + air in pleural cavity

15. Pneumothorax Treatment:
Chest tube inserted into pleural cavity; left in place until tear in lung heals
Prevents:
Usually has a one way valve only allowing air to leave during expiration
Aids re-expansion of lung

16. Pneumothorax

17. Atelectasis Collapse of all or part of a lung Two types:
Obstructive atelectasis
Compression atelectasis

18. Atelectasis Obstructive atelectasis:
Complete blockage of a bronchus by:
Air is absorbed from the blocked section of lung leading to:
If obstruction is relieved:
Can sometimes develop as a postoperative complication
Coughing and breathing are decreased
Mucous accumulates
To prevent this patients are encourage to breath deeply & cough

19. Atelectasis
Compression atelectasis:
Results when:
This prevents:

20. Pneumonia Inflammation of the lung
Exudate spreads through the lung and fills the:
Affected portion of lung becomes relatively solid which is referred to as:
Can be classified in three ways:
Etiology
Anatomic distribution of inflammation
Predisposing factors

21. Pneumonia Etiology: Anatomic distribution of inflammation
Most important because:
Anatomic distribution of inflammation
Predisposing factors

22. Pneumonia
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Bacterial:
Viral:

23. Pneumonia

24. Tuberculosis Special type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium:
Acquired by:
Primary infection is walled off with a central region of necrotic cells which is called:

25. Tuberculosis
Infection usually stopped and granulomas heal with scarring
Symptoms usually caused:
Infection can be reactivated:
Diagnosis
Skin test (Mantoux)
Chest x-ray
Sputum culture
Treatment:
With antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents

26. Tuberculosis

27. Tuberculosis Rare types of tuberculosis Miliary tuberculosis:
Develops if tuberculous infection erodes into a large blood vessel:
Extra pulmonary tuberculosis:
Infection develops in other location of the body such as:

28. Bronchitis & Bronchiectasis
Acute bronchitis
Inflammation of lining of:
Commonly follows:
Chronic bronchitis
Results from:
Caused by:
Severe inflammation causing weakening & dilation of the bronchial wall is called:
Leads to:

29. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonary disease caused primarily by chronic irritation due to smoking
It is a combination of chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Emphysema
COPD is characterized by the following anatomic changes

30. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Effects:
Individuals need to generate more pressure to breath out:

31. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
COPD
Symptomatic treatment:
Bronchodilators
Mucolytics
Cough suppressants
Inhalers
Avoidance of contact with people with URIs

32. Bronchial Asthma Treat with: Muscular spasms in the walls of:
Increased secretions by the:
Person may exibit:
Cause:
Usually:
Can be:
Treat with:

33. ??QUESTIONS??