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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Condensate System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Pretreatment Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Pretreatment
Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer Dealkalizers
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Types of Pretreatment Equipment
Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer Dealkalizers Reverse Osmosis
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Scale
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Purpose of a Softener
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Purpose of a Softener Remove Hardness Minerals from Raw Water
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Purpose of a Softener Remove Hardness Minerals from Raw Water
Reduce Chemical Usage
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How Does a Softener Work
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Softener Ca, Mg Na, Na
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Ion Exchange Process Calcium Magnesium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium
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Ion Exchange Process Calcium Calcium Magnesium Calcium Sodium Sodium
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Why is Salt Used?
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Why is Salt Used? Sodium is Very Soluble, Will Not Form Scale
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Why is Salt Used? Sodium is Very Soluble, Will Not Form Scale
Very Inexpensive
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Softener Inspection
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Softener Internals Softener Brine Tank
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Resin Depth in. Brine Tank
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Freeboard in. Brine Tank
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Inlet Water Distribution Header
Brine Tank
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Brine Distribution System
Tank
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Support Media Brine Tank
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How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly?
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How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly?
Check Hardness of Water Leaving Softener
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How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly?
Check Hardness of Water Leaving Softener Check Amount of Treated Water Between Regenerations
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How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem?
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How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem?
Check Softener Regeneration Cycle
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How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem?
Check Softener Regeneration Cycle Make a Visual Inspection of Softener Internals
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Four Steps of Softener Regeneration
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Four Steps of Softener Regeneration
Fast Rinse Backwash Brining Slow Rinse
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Purpose of Backwashing
Remove Mud, Sand, Dirt Remove Broken Resin Beads
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Backwash Flow Rate
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Critical Part of Backwashing
Dirt and Broken Resin Beads Must Reach Top of Water Distribution Header.
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A Successful Backwash 50% Expansion of Resin Bed 8-15 gpm/sq. ft.
10-20 min.. Clear Water
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Backwash Flow Rate Resin Check
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Four Steps of Softener Regeneration
Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse
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Brining Dilution Water 2 3 1 Salt Solution 4
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Purpose of Brining
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Purpose of Brining Remove Hardness Minerals from Resin Beads
Replenish Sodium Ions on Resin
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Critical Part of Brining
There Must Be Enough Salt to Force the Calcium and Magnesium Off the Resin
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A Successful Brining Used 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin
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A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Food of Resin
Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight)
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A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin
Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight). Has a Minimum Softener Brine Concentration (After Dilution) of 30 Salometer (8% by weight)
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A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin
Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight). Has a Minimum Softener Brine Concentration (After Dilution) of 30 Salometer (8% by weight) Maintains a Brine Concentration of 30° Salometer for 30 Minutes
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Brine Tank
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Salometer
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Measuring Brine Strength
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Good Brining Cycle Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40
30 Minutes at 30 Salometer Degrees 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes
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What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes
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What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes
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What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes
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Four Steps of Softener Regeneration
Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse
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Slow Rinse
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Purpose of the Slow Rinse
Push Salt All the Way Through the Softener
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A Successful Slow Rinse
Is at the Same Rate as Brining
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Four Steps of Softener Regeneration
Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse
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Fast Rinse
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Purpose of the Fast Rinse
Remove Excess Salt from the Softener Before it Goes Back On-Line
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A Successful Fast Rinse
Uses gals. of Rinse Water per Cubic Foot of Resin Uses the Same Flow Rate at Which the Softener Operates
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Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection
Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals
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Not Plugged, Corrosion Free and Level
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Header Parallel to Resin Surface
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Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection
Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depth of Resin Bed
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30-36 Inches Deep 15-18 Inches of Freeboard
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Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection
Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depth of Resin Bed Surface of the Resin
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Short Circulating
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Channeling
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Unleveled Bed
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Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection
Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depths of Resin Bed Surface of the Resin Sample of the Resin
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Resin Sampling
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Clean Resin
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Fouled Resin
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Clean Resin - 100x
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Clean Resin x
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Iron Fouled Resin - 100x
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Iron Fouled Resin x
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Consequences of Poor Softener Operation
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Consequences of Poor Softener Operation
Energy Wasted By Boiler Scale Excessive Chemical Treatment Costs Wasted Salt and Water from Poor Regenerations
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Dealkallizers
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Purpose of a Dealkalizer
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Purpose of a Dealkalizer
Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water
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Purpose of a Dealkalizer
Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water Reduce Neutralizing Amine Usage
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Purpose of a Dealkalizer
Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water Reduce Neutralizing Amine Usage Reduce Condensate Corrosion
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How Does a Dealkalizer Work?
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Ion Exchange Process Bicarbonate Alkalinity Chloride Chloride Chloride
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Bicarbonate Bicarbonate
Ion Exchange Process Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Chloride
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Reverse Osmosis
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Osmosis P1 H2O Strong Solution H2O Water H2O H2O
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Reverses Osmosis P1 H2O Strong Solution H2O Water H2O H2O
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Typical RO Performance
Constituent, mg/l Raw Finished Hardness, as CaCO3 Alkalinity, as CaCO3 Total Electrolyte, as CaCO3 Silica, as SiO2 pH CO2 380 215 445 45 7.2 25 20 16 29 3 6.0 25
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R.O. Fouling Can Be Caused By:
Microbial Slime Inorganic Precipitates Treatment is Similar to That of an Evaporative Cooling Tower
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Periodic Cleaning is Important to:
Insure R.O. Efficiency
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Typical Cleaning Solutions
Mild Acid Solutions Caustic Solutions Chelate Solutions
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Applications Purity Drinking Water Waste Water Treatment
Chemical Reclamation Pharmaceutical Processes Solids Reduction of Boiler Feedwater with TDS 800 or Higher Abas taher
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