1. Classification of Living Things
Scientists estimate that there are between 3 million and 100 million species of organisms on Earth.
Taxonomists--biologists who specialize in identifying and classifying life on our planet--have named approximately 1.7 million species so far.
Each year, about 13,000 new species are added to the list of known organisms.
So, how do scientists classify (organize) all these millions of species?

2. 2 Types of Cells 3 Domains and 4 Kingdoms EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
organisms with a nuclear membrane
PROKARYOTES
organisms with no nuclear membrane

3. Life's History and Diversity
The Big
Picture
7/4/2018
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

4. Life's History and Diversity
7/4/2018
The History of Life on Earth
Multicellular eukaryotes (with nuclear membrane) evolved about 1 billion years ago.
For 2.6 billion years, life was unicellular.
Life began on Earth 3.6 billion years ago as a prokaryotic cell (single-celled organism with no nuclear membrane).
The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

5. Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
List the similarities and differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

6. Life's History and Diversity
7/4/2018
Hot springs in Yellowstone Park–“Hot” Spots for Archaean Extremophiles
Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park
Searching for Archaea in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool
Archaea in Yellowstone
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

7. Life's History and Diversity
7/4/2018
Bacteria – the Most Abundant Organisms
Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus; yellow spheres) adhering to nasal cilia.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
E. Coli bacteria
There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

8. Life's History and Diversity
7/4/2018
What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

9. The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

10. PROTISTS • Protists are eukaryotes because they all have a nucleus.
• Most have mitochondria.
• Many have chloroplasts with which they carry on photosynthesis.
• Many are unicellular and all groups (with one exception) contain some unicellular members.
A better name for Protists would be "Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants".
Protists
Visit Protist Park

11. FUNGI FUNGI Fungi sometimes look like plants, but they’re not!
Fungi can’t do photosynthesis, because they don’t have chloroplasts; they get their nutrients from the organic material they live in.
 Decomposers, like mushrooms, feed on dead organic material.
 Some fungi feed on living organisms, such as plants, animals and even other fungi. This causes diseases and infections in these organisms (like athlete’s foot and ringworm in humans).
 Some fungi live as symbiotic partners with algae. The result: lichen (pronounced “like-n”). more lichen
Other differences from plants:
• fungi don’t have roots, they have a mycelium.
FUNGI
• fungi’s cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.

12. PLANTS No vascular system Vascular system
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Seedless Plants (reproduce by spores)
Seed Plants (reproduce by seeds)
Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses
Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)
Angiosperms (flowers, seeds enclosed in fruit)
Conifers Cycads Gingkoes
Flowering Plants

13. ANIMALS
Invertebrates (no backbone)
Vertebrates (backbone)

14. Animal Classification

15. As you can see, we mammals (4000 species) are far outnumbered by the other vertebrates, or chordates (38,300). And vertebrates (42,300) are definitely outnumbered by invertebrates (989,700 species). The biggest categories of invertebrates: INSECTS!

16. Plant Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

17. Activity Mnemonics at its best!
You and a partner will develop your own acronym mnemonics that will help you in remembering the order of classification!
You will have to come up with an interesting sentence using the first word of each division of classification, in order!
Example: King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti!

18. Plant Kingdom Over 275,000 species
All plants are included in one Kingdom (Plantae) which is then broken down into smaller and smaller divisions based on several characteristics
How divided into kingdoms:
Kind of cells in organism: prokaryote or eukaryote
How organism obtains its food
How organism reproduces and develops

19. Phylum Plants are divided in this category based on:
whether or not the plant bears or produces seeds.
Vascular or Non-Vascular plants

20. Class Angiospermae (angiosperms)- plants which produce flowers
Plants are divided into two types of classes
Angiospermae (angiosperms)- plants which produce flowers
Gymnospermae (gymnosperms)- plants which don’t produce flowers
Subclass
Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons/dicots)– plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyledonae (monocotyledons/monocot)- plants with one seed leaf

21. Order
A group of related plant families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.
Vegetative Structures
Reproductive Structures
Names of orders end in ales

22. Family Each order is divided into families
These are plants with many botanical features in common.
Vegetative and Reproductive Structures used.
Related plants with similar flower parts are grouped together.
The Rose Family, Rosaceae, consists of plums, apples, strawberries because they all have similar flower structures.
The names of families end in –aceae

23. Genus
This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant- Papaver (Poppy).
This is the plants group name
All plants having the same generic name are said to belong to the same Genus and have similar characteristics and are closely related.
The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.

24. Species
Together the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant.
The species name is an adjective that describes the genus.
Alba means white: Quercus alba= white oak
Rubrum means red: Acer rubrum= red maple
The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.

25. Examples of species and Genus
Acer rubrum= Red maple
Acer saccharum= Sugar maple
Acer palmatum= Japanese maple
Quercus palustris= Pin oak
Quercus virginiana= Live oak
Specific names give geographical information:
Pinus virginia- Virginia Pine
Taxes canadensis= Canadian Yew
Tsuga caroliniana= Carolina Hemlock

26. Example of Classification
Common Name: Corn Plant
Kingdom
Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom
Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superphyla
Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Phylum
Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class
Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Subclass
Commelinidae
Order
Cyperales
Family
Poaceae – Grass family
Genus
Zea L. – corn
Species
Zea mays L. – corn