1. MINOR DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

2. Causes
Hormonal Changes
Accommodation Changes
Metabolic Changes
Postural Changes

3. Gastrointestinal System
Nausea and Vomiting
Causes:
Not known
Increased HCG, estrogen and
progesterone
Emotional factors
Irregular eating habits
Decreased gastric secretion
Management
Light snacks, avoid fatty ,spicy food
Fresh air

4. Causes: Progesterone Clinical Features: 2. Heart Burn
Burning sensation
Right quadrant pain
Management:
Avoid bending over
Avoid lying flat after food
Monitor food intake
Avoid large amounts of water with meals
Relaxation techniques

5. Causes: Management 3. Ptyalism Hormones Increased production of saliva
Decreased swallowing secondary to nausea
Management
Explanation
Chew candy
Drink lemon juice

6. Seek help in case ingestion of harmful substances
4. Pica
Causes:
Not known
Changes in metabolism
Management:
Explanation
Seek help in case ingestion of harmful substances

7. Causes: Management: 5. Constipation and flatulence
Progesterone relaxes intestinal muscles
Pressure from uterus
Iron supplements
Management:
Fibre diet
Plenty of fluids
Exercises

8. 6. Haemorroids Causes: Management: Prolonged sitting
Straining at stool
Management:
Regular bowel habits
Sitz bath
Cool compresses with witch hazel

9. Musculoskeletal System
Upper Back ache
Lower back ache
Cramps

10. Genitourinary System

11. Circulatory System 1.Fainting
Causes: Vasodilatation due to progesterone
Management:
Turning mother to one side rapidly
Avoid lying supine
Avoid overcrowding
Keep environment cool
Avoid hypoglycaemia

12. 2.Varicose veins
Causes:
Genetic predisposition
Increase in blood volume and pressure from uterus
Clinical Features:
Swollen, engorged
Purple in colour
Dull aching pain in limbs
Easily tired extremities
Management:
Elastic bandages
Elevation of limbs at rest
Exercising calf muscles
Avoid long standing

13. 3.Palpitations and supine hypotension
Causes: In supine position, uterus presses on the inferior venacava reducing venous return to heart reducing cardiac output.
Clinical features
Weakness
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Dizziness and syncope
Management:
Rest and deep breathing exercises
Avoid overexertion
Avoid supine position
Suggest lateral recumbent position .

14. 4.Fatigue
Causes:
Increased demands of cardio pulmonary system
Need for more sleep
Increased demands in work
Care of other children
Management:
Assess calorie intake and haemoglobin
Reassurance
Regular exercise
Frequent rest periods

15. 5. Dependent edema
Causes:
Increased sodium and fluid retention
Increased venous pressure and decreased venous return from legs
Manifestations: Swelling on the hands, legs and feet
Management
Reassurance
Rest on the side
Elevation of feet
Normal intake of salt

16. Respiratory system Hyperventilation of pregnancy
Causes: Elevation of the diaphragm
Management:
Reassurance
Deliberate regulation of speed and depth of breathing
Periodic standing and raising arms above the head and taking deep breath
Maintain good posture

17. 2. Nose bleed and nose congestion
Causes: Engorged capillaries in the nose become edematous and hyperemic leading to epistaxis
Management:
Blowing the nose gently
Sleeping in cool air
Use of saline drops

18. Nervous system Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
Causes: Fluid retention that creates edema and pressure on median nerve on wrist
Clinical Features:
Pain and numbness
Tingling of fingers
Feeling of pins and needles in hands
Management:
Elevate arm
Splinting of affected arm

19. 2. Insomnia
Causes:
Physical reasons
Increased blood supply to uterus
Dreaming of having monsters
Hormonal changes
Management:
Go to bed early
Psychological support
Frequent periods of rest
Conscious relaxation exercises
Back massage
Warm bath
Warm drink

20. Integumentary System 1. Striae gravidarum
Thin bands of atrophic tissue
Appear on stretched skin on breast, thighs or abdomen
Purplish red in colour
Progressively fade to white silvery
scar
2. Pruritis gravidarum
Intense pruritis
Localized skin excoriation on abdomen caused by
scabies,
pediculi,
thrush etc

21. Thank you