1. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Basic Methods for characterizing and evaluating image quality
The first by means of physical characteristics that can be quantitatively measured or calculated for the image and image system
Spatial resolution
Contrast
Noise
Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
The second by means of observer performance studies using images obtained with different imaging systems or under different imaging conditions

2. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Image contrast refers to differences in intensity in parts of the image corresponding to different levels of radioactive uptake in the patient.
A general definition of contrast is that it is the ratio of signal change of an object of interest, such as lesion, relative to the signal level in surrounding parts of the image.

3. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
In nuclear medicine, a major component of image contrast is determined by the properties of the radiopharmaceutical. It is desirable to use an agent having the highest lesion-to-background uptake or concentration ratio.
The major factor affects contrast is added background counting rates that are superimposed more or less uniformly over the activity distribution of interest.

4. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:
Septal penetration is avoided by using a collimator that is appropriately designed for the radionuclide of interest
Inadequately shielded radiation sources elsewhere in the image environment
Scattered radiation  scattered radiation can be minimized by pulse-height analysis, however, the system cannot reject all scatter ??

5. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:

6. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical
characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from
a number of sources:

7. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:

8. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:
Talk about the FWHM

9. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:
An important contributor to background radiation in conventional planar imaging is radioactivity above and below the object of interest image contrast improved in SPECT because it permits imaging of an activities in overlying and underlying structures. Tomographic techniques offer significant improvements for the detection of low-contrast lesions.

10. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
2. Contrast
Background counting rates can arise from a number of sources:

11. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Basic Methods for characterizing and evaluating image quality
The first by means of physical characteristics that can be quantitatively measured or calculated for the image and image system
Spatial resolution
Contrast
Noise
Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
The second by means of observer performance studies using images obtained with different imaging systems or under different imaging conditions

12. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
3. Noise
Random noise (Statistical noise, Quantum mottle)
Structured noise

13. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
3. Noise
Ransom noise, statistical noise or quantum mottle
It refers to the mottled appearance of nuclear medicine images caused by random statistical variations in counting rate.
It is very important factor in NM imaging and present everywhere in NM image.
Even when the size of an object is larger than the limiting spatial resolution of the image, statistical noise can impair detectability, especially if the object has low contrast.
Talk about the FWHM

14. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
3. Noise
Random noise (Statistical noise, Quantum mottle)
Structured noise

15. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
3. Noise
Structured noise
It refers to nonrandom variations in counting rate that are superimposed on and interfere with perception of the object structures of interest.
Some types of structured noise arise from the radionuclide distribution itself. For example, in planar imaging, uptake in the ribs may be superimposed over the image of the heart.
Structured noise also can arise from imaging system artifacts (nonuniformities)
Talk about the FWHM

16. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Basic Methods for characterizing and evaluating image quality
The first by means of physical characteristics that can be quantitatively measured or calculated for the image and image system
Spatial resolution
Contrast
Noise
Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
The second by means of observer performance studies using images obtained with different imaging systems or under different imaging conditions

17. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
4. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
The critical parameter for detectability is the CNR of the object in the image.
To detect a lesion or other object in an image, the observer must be able to distinguish between the lesion or object and noise-generated contrast patterns in background areas of the same size in the image.
The ratio of lesion-contrast to noise-contrast is the CNR

18. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using physical characteristics
4. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
A substantial amount of research has been conducted to find the best way to calculate the CNR.
One of the idea is that, in order to be detectable, an object’s CNR must exceed 3-5. this factor is known as the Rose criterion, after the individual who did basic studies on this subject. However, the actual value depends on object shape, edge sharpness, viewing distance, observer experience, ……..etc

19. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Basic Methods for characterizing and evaluating image quality
The first by means of physical characteristics that can be quantitatively measured or calculated for the image and image system
Spatial resolution
Contrast
Noise
Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
The second by means of observer performance studies using images obtained with different imaging systems or under different imaging conditions
Discussion group

20. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Evaluating image quality using observer performance studies
Example (Receiver operating characteristic (ROC))

21. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Important points in chapter 3 (chapter 14 and 15 from the book)
Part-1
Part-2
Gamma camera performance characteristics
Image quality of gamma camera

22. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics

23. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Spatial resolution
Detection efficiency
Energy resolution
Performance at high counting rate

24. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Detection efficiency
The trade-off in gamma cameras is between detection efficiency (which improves with thicker crystals) and resolution (which improve with thinner crystals).
The gamma camera is designed to provide acceptable detection efficiency while maintaining high resolution in the range of a certain energy range ( KeV).

25. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Detection efficiency

26. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Detection efficiency

27. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Energy resolution
Because the Compton-scattered photons have lower energy, it is possible to discriminate against them using the pulse-height analysis.
The energy resolution of the detector determines the efficiency with which this can be accomplished.
Energy resolution depends largely on statistical fluctuations in the number of light photons collected from a scintillation event  thus, a good light collection efficiency is a prerequisite for good energy resolution.

28. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
At high counting rates, there is increased likelihood of recording two events at the same time. This effect is known as the pulse pile-up.
Pulse pile-up has two undesirable effects on gamma camera performance
Counting losses
Image distortion

29. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
Counting losses
Counting losses cause inaccurate counting rates to be recorded at higher counting rates, because of the dead time.
The dead time is the time that the gamma camera stop processing the second detected count while its busy processing the first one.
Dead time losses are not serious in most static imaging studies, but they can be important in certain high-counting-rate applications.
Dead time corrections can be applied.

30. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
Counting losses
One approach for shortening camera dead time is by the use of a certain electronic circuits that hold a pulse from one circuit component until the next circuit in the pulse-processing sequence is ready to receive it.
Another approach, is by slow down the rate at which the camera can handle individual event.

31. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
At high counting rates, there is increased likelihood of recording two events at the same time. This effect is known as the pulse pile-up.
Pulse pile-up has two undesirable effects on gamma camera performance
Counting losses
Image distortion

32. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
Image distortion

33. Image quality and Performance Characteristics
Chapter-3
The Gamma Camera
Image quality and Performance Characteristics
The gamma camera : Performance characteristics
The major factors that determine gamma camera performance
Performance at high counting rate
Image distortion