1. IT1202- Fundamentals Of Programming (Using JAVA) Introduction to Programming Languages Version 1.0
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2. Introduction to Programming Languages
First Generation of Computer Programs
Sequence of machine instructions
Loaded into memory through a set of switches
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3. Introduction to Programming Languages………
Second Generation Computer Programs
Introduction of assembly languages
Enables the programmers to use mnemonic names for the machine instructions and symbolic names for memory locations.
A translator called the assembler converts assembly language programs into machine code
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4. Introduction to Programming Languages………
Third Generation Languages
High level languages such as BASIC, Fortran, Pascal and C eliminate the close ties to the CPU’s machine instructions
Provide standard data types such as integers, floating point numbers and characters etc.,
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5. Third Generation Languages……..
Instructions are user friendly
Compilers are available to translate these high- level language instructions to machine instructions.
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6. Introduction to Programming Languages………
The accepted programming style
To organize related data items using programming constructors such as Pascal Records or C Structures
Then treat the resulting block of data as a single unit.
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7. The accepted programming style…..
After data structures are laid out, the application is written as a collection of procedures that manipulate these structures
With ever-increasing:
Hardware capabilities such as faster CPUs, Main Memory Space, Hard Disk space
Better graphics
Easier networking
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8. The accepted programming style…..
Users have come to expect software to have greater functionality
Window-based graphical user interface
Transparent access to data stored in mini or mainframe computers
The ability to work in a network environment
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9. Introduction to Programming Languages………
Faced with this complexity
More programmers are starting to use Object Oriented Programming (OOP).
OOP is a new way of organising code and data
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10. Object Oriented Programming…….
OOP promises increased control over the complexity of the software development process.
The underlying concepts of OOP are,
Data Abstraction with Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
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11. Object Oriented Programming…….
Encapsulation :
This is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interferences and misuse.
Inheritance :
This is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. This supports the concept of hierarchical classification.
Polymorphism :
This is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions.
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12. Evolution of OOP Languages
Object Oriented Programming was first discussed in the late 1960’s by those working with the SIMULA67 language.
SIMULA67 was identified as the first ever OO programming language.
SIMULA67 was developed as an extension of Algol60 (ALGOrithmetic oriented Language)
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13. Evolution……….
SIMULA67 gave us the crucial Object oriented concepts of classes, dynamic objects, encapsulation and inheritance.
Smalltalk is another OOP Language and
environment released in 1980.
C++ first version 1983
Eiffel in not an extension of an existing procedural language syntax
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14. Introduction to Java
Java was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1991.
His Original Aim was to develop a low cost, Hardware Independent Language based on C++.
Due to technical reasons that idea was dropped .
A new programming Language called Oak was developed based on C++ .
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15. Introduction to Java Contd....
The language oak was developed by removing undesirable features of C++.
Those features include:
Multiple Inheritance
Automatic type conversions
Use of pointers
Memory Management.
By 1994 the World Wide Web Emerged and Oak was Re-named as Java.
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16. Introduction to Java Contd....
The Java language was Successfully used to develop a web browser called WebRunner and Java/Hotjava project was commenced.
In Early 1995, Hotjava,Java,Java Documentation and Source code was made available over the web as an alpha version.
In December 1995, beta version2 of Java was released.
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17. Introduction to Java Contd....
On January 23, 1996 Java 1.0 was officially released and made available to download over the net.
Latest version of Java 2 SDK. And Documentation Can be downloaded at
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18. Features of Java
Java is a programming language that is well suited to designing software that works in conjunction with the internet.
It is an object-oriented programming language making use of a methodology that is becoming increasingly useful in the world of software design.
It is a cross-platform language means its programs can be designed to run the same way on Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh and most versions of UNIX including Solaris.
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19. Features……….
Java extends beyond desktops to run on devices such as televisions and cellular phones.
JavaStation, Sun’s network computer, runs the JavaOS operating system and is optimized for the language.
Java is closer to programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic and Delphi than it is to a page-description language such as HTML or a simple scripting language as JavaScript.
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20. Java and the Internet
Netscape Navigator & Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers can download a Java program from a Web page & run it locally on the Web user’s system.
These programs, which are called applets, appear in a Web page in a similar fashion to images.
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21. Java and the Internet……..
Applets are written with the Java language, compiled into a form that can be run as a program, and placed on a Web server. Most servers can deliver Java files without any changes to their configuration.
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22. Advanced features
Some of the advanced features introduced with the current version include the following:
Swing – New features for creating a graphical user interface, either in the style of a specific operating system or a new Java “look-and-feel” called Metal.
Drag-and-drop – The capability to interactively transfer information across different applications and from one part of a program’s interface to another.
Compile revision to Java’s audio features, bringing them more in line with the sound capabilities of other languages.
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23. Versions of the Language
Java 1.0 – Still the most widely supported by Web browsers.
Java 1.1 – A spring 1997 release with improvements to the user interface, event handling and more consistency across the language.
Java 2 – The new version, released for public
beta–testing first in December 1997 as JDK 1.2 and finalized in December 1998 as “Java 2”.
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24. Usefulness of Java program
Java is Platform Independent
The capability of the same program to run on
different platforms & operating systems.
Java is Object-Oriented
It is a way of conceptualizing a computer program as a set of interacting objects.
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25. Usefulness………. Java is smaller & simpler than comparable languages.
Java is easy to learn
Java is smaller & simpler than comparable languages.
Java is small
Make programs faster to download off of a page.
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26. Usefulness……………. Java is secure
Prevents hackers from writing programs that weak havoc on browser users’ systems.
Java is portable
Allows it to run on Windows, Macintosh & other
platforms without modification
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27. Java’s past, present & future
Java language is developed at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as part of the Green project.
But, later a project member James Gosling wrote a new language to better handle the prototype, Star7 that developed by the group members. It named as Oak.
A Web browser that could run Java applets was created in 1994.
After JavaOne conference in May 1996, Sun spun off its Java development efforts & added hundreds of employees to continue expanding the language.
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